土地利用及生态服务价值变化的图形信息特征分析——以松花江流域哈尔滨段为例

以遥感影像资料为依据,运用地学信息图谱方法和Costanza的生态服务价值计算方法,在RS和GIS的支持下分析1996~2005年松花江流域哈尔滨段土地利用及其生态服务价值的时空变化特征。结果表明:土地利用转化过程以耕地-林地、草地-林地和未利用地-林地为主,其中耕地-林地相互转换最为剧烈,林地、水域和建设用地具有较高的保留率,草地、未利用地和耕地具有较高的转换率;1996~2005年研究区的生态系统服务价值总量增加314.543×107元,大面积的耕地、草地转化为生态价值系数较高的林地和水域是其主要原因;生态环境增值区域,耕地转化为水域的贡献率最大,为27.61%,生态环境减值区域,林地转化为耕地的贡献率最大,为3.761%。     

论重大突发事件应急决策气象服务

随着经济的快速增长和改革的逐渐深入,我国重大突发事件屡见不鲜,事件突发性强、社会关注度高,且部分事件受天气制约因素大,因此做好决策气象保障工作对重大突发事件管理起着非常关键的作用;同时,其服务产品领导阅读率较高,关注度和重要性不可小觑。因此立足于业务实践,对国家级气象部门的重大突发事件应急决策气象服务进行总结、分析和探讨,旨在不断提升决策气象服务产品的质量,展现气象行业的重要性,更好地服务政府和人民。     

基于投入产出分析的虚拟水研究综述及展望

将国内外基于投入产出模型的虚拟水研究进行系统概括,认为按研究层面可以归纳为区域之间的虚拟水贸易和产业间部门用水关联两方面,并指出:(1)目前基于投入产出分析技术的虚拟水研究基本建立在价值型投入产出模型的基础上,实际上将产业虚拟水替代了原本产品虚拟水的概念.(2)目前针对工业品、服务品的虚拟水量化研究不足,并未独立研究非农产品虚拟水量化时的差异性.最后文章提出产业生态学中近年来发展的混合生命周期评价方法(Hybrid life-cycle assessment,HLCA).     

Ecosystem mapping for the implementation of the European Biodiversity Strategy at the national level: The case of Italy

Several international initiatives, including the European Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, promote the identification and mapping of ecosystems as basic tools for the conservation of biodiversity and related services. On coarse scales, the spatial representation of ecosystems is usually based on broad land cover categories that largely overlook important ecological and biogeographic features of the biotic communities they are meant to exemplify. This paper presents a nationwide ecosystem mapping approach that promotes a degree of thematic detail, which is more suited than that found in the continental maps to meeting biodiversity conservation targets in Italy. The approach is based on the rationale that current and potential vegetation cover are valuable proxies for outlining ecosystems. The resulting Ecosystem Map of Italy includes 43 types of forest ecosystems instead of the 5 woodland, forest and other wooded land types recognized at the European level. We outline the expected advantages of this enhanced thematic detail for a number of conservation purposes and highlight how the resulting maps may help to meet biodiversity conservation targets at the national level. In particular, we refer to the assessment of conservation status, the definition of restoration priorities, the planning of green infrastructure and the identification of collapse risks for the ecosystems identified. Comprehensively, the definition, characterization and assessment of ecosystem types represent the carrying structure of the recently launched national system of natural capital accounting.     

四川省环保服务业发展思路和对策研究

作为与环境相关的服务贸易活动,环保服务业是战略新兴产业、现代服务业和环保产业的有机和重要组成部分,其比重提升是环保产业走向成熟的标志。同时,环保服务业转型升级是扩大内需、转变经济发展方式的需要。四川省环保服务业也面临国内外的激励竞争,只有环保服务业的国际化,才能顺应发展趋势,更好迎接挑战。本文通过对四川省环保服务业的现状进行分析,针对四川省环保服务业整体亟待完善的发展特点,对其发展思路和对策提出见解。     

长江三角洲跨界流域生态产品交易机制——以天目湖流域为例

生态价值多元化实现是落实区域一体化生态保护格局的经济政策保障。针对当前生态产品交易制度不完善与市场活跃度问题,以天目湖流域水质净化服务产品为例,提出一条生态保护市场化与生态产品增值的双向促进道路：基于长序列监测数据与水文水质过程模型,提出流域生态保护基准概念及其约束下生态产品交易边界,精准核算基准年水质净化产品的可交易量为1.37 t,基准价格为1186.71万元/t/年;面向近10年产品实际供需主体的内在联系,揭示了“三类五种”生态产品交易机制类型,并选择设计了低端产品退出—高端产品激励的典型交易模式。生态产品交易实施为研究区生态价值实现提供市场化路径,为国内同类地区一体化生态保护格局保障提供思路。     

机器学习在材料服役性能预测中的应用

针对材料服役性能预测存在误差大、计算复杂、适用性差等问题,提出了基于数据挖掘的机器学习预测方法。首先阐述了机器学习的应用流程,并总结了常用模型原理及其在材料性能预测中的应用。然后采用多种机器学习模型对RPV钢的辐照性能进行预测,并通过Stacking集成方法提高了模型的预测精度。结果表明,机器学习可用于材料服役性能预测,具有较高的预测精度和可靠性。根据材料服役数据的不同特征选择合适的学习模型,同时进行模型融合和参数优化,可有效提高模型的预测精度及运算速度。     

阴山北麓草原生态功能区防风固沙服务受益范围识别

风蚀是北方干旱与半干旱农牧交错带面临的严峻问题。论文以阴山北麓草原生态功能区为例,利用HYSPLIT模型模拟了当地生态系统提供的防风固沙服务流动路径,通过空间插值获得了功能区防风固沙服务的受益范围及其获得效益的相对大小,确定了受益范围内的土地覆被、受益人口及GDP。研究结果显示：1）2010年阴山北麓草原生态功能区的防风固沙服务大部分发生在春季,其流动路径主要往功能区东部和东南部区域延伸;2）防风固沙受益土地面积占全国土地面积的46%,主要位于功能区东部和南部地区;3）功能区受益的人口占当年全国总人口的75%,受益GDP占当年全国GDP总量的67%。未来可以根据受益区获得防风固沙效益的相对大小确定受益区不同区域横向生态付费金额,以补偿当地采取防风固沙措施导致的经济损失和投入,实现地区间公平,促进区域可持续发展。     

Implementation of the ecosystem services approach in Swedish municipal planning

While ecosystem-based planning approaches are increasingly promoted through international and national policies, municipalities are still struggling with translating them into practice. Against this background, this paper aims to increase the knowledge of current advances and possible ways to support the implementation of the ecosystem services (ES) approach at the municipal level. More specifically, we analyze how ES have been integrated into comprehensive planning within the municipality of Malmö in Sweden over the last 60 years, a declared forerunner in local environmental governance. Based on a content analysis of comprehensive plans over the period 1956–2014 and interviews with municipal stakeholders, this paper demonstrates how planning has shifted over time toward a more holistic view of ES and their significance for human well-being and urban sustainability. Both explicit and implicit applications of the ES concept were found in the analyzed comprehensive plans and associated programs and projects. Our study shows how these applications reflect international, national, and local policy changes, and indicates how municipalities can gradually integrate the ES approach into comprehensive planning and facilitate the transition from implicit to more explicit knowledge use.     

基于服务式GIS的流域水质目标管理技术平台架构设计

针对流域水质目标管理与GIS集成技术,对比分析传统模式与服务式GIS模式的优劣,提出了基于服务式GIS的流域水质目标管理技术平台的层次结构、总体架构及建设步骤;基于具体建设需求分析,构建了辽河流域水质目标管理技术平台的详细架构。