Prevalence and perspectives of illegal trade in cacti and succulent plants in the collector community

Although illegal wildlife trade (IWT) represents a serious threat to biodiversity, research into the prevalence of illegal plant collection and trade remains scarce. Because cacti and succulents are heavily threatened by overcollection for often illegal, international ornamental trade, we surveyed 441 members of the cacti and succulent hobbyist collector community with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. We sought to understand collector perspectives on the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and on the threats IWT poses to cactus and succulent conservation. Most respondents (74% of 401 respondents) stated that illegal collection in cacti and succulents represents a “very serious problem” and that the problem of wild plant collection is increasing (72% of 319 respondents). Most forms of illegal collection and trade were seen as very unacceptable by respondents. Self-reported noncompliance with CITES rules was uncommon (11.2% of 418 respondents); it remains a persistent problem in parts of the cacti and succulent hobbyist community. People engaging in rule breaking, such as transporting plants without required CITES documents, generally did so knowingly. Although 60.6% of 381 respondents regarded CITES as a very important tool for conservation, sentiment toward CITES and its efficacy in helping species conservation was mixed. Collectors in our survey saw themselves as potentially playing important roles in cactus and succulent conservation, but this potential resource remains largely untapped. Our results suggest the need for enhanced consultation with stakeholders in CITES decision-making. For challenging subjects like IWT, developing evidence-based responses demands deep interdisciplinary engagement, including assessing the conservation impact of species listings on CITES appendices.     

美、英、澳职业安全健康业绩指标及对我国借鉴的研究

基于我国安全生产统计及业绩指标体系发展现状,研究美国、英国及澳大利亚的职业安全健康统计指标体系,为我国完善职业安全健康体系提供借鉴。研究得出,美、英、澳3国的职业伤亡统计以工作单位为统计范围,国家统计部门定期汇总、公布因工作原因造成的死亡、伤害或职业病数据。统计指标使用死亡人数、可记录伤害人次数、损失工作日数及相应的比率等。认为我国应明确职业安全健康统计范围、统计边界、统计对象,以利于准确评估安全生产业绩;建立可记录伤害和损失工作日天数统计标准,改革安全生产统计指标,以满足行业通用、国际对比。     

Two Major Relative Comparative Advantages of China in International Trade

Sustainable development requires enriching and developing the traditional international trade theory, especially integrating the environmental elements into the current analysis framework of relative comparative advantages. These relationships among labor, capital, and environmental resources are analyzed in this study, using the relative comparative advantages method. As indicated in the analysis, the ever-increasing international trading volume in China relies not only on the relative comparative advantage of labor but also on the environmental one; these are the two major advantages in China. However, the two advantages will experience serious challenge in the future along with a rising cost on labor and environmental pollution.     

Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses

Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high-biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large-scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like-for-like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).     

中国产业部门水足迹演变及其影响因素分析

水资源是中国实现绿色可持续发展的基础,基于投入产出分析法对中国产业部门水足迹及其强度进行定量核算,分析其演变趋势,从技术进步、经济发展及政策完善三个角度剖析中国水足迹变迁的影响因素。结果表明:1997-2007 年间中国各行业完全水足迹强度的年均下降率约为9.1%,而大部分行业的水足迹却呈增长趋势,年均增长率约为14.2%。1997、2002、2007 年中国以贸易形势输出的虚拟水总量占完全水足迹量的比例分别为12.0%、14.6%、22.5%,呈递增趋势且均高于输入总量。中国各部门水足迹强度降低的主要影响因素包括:节水技术的发展、节水管理政策的完善、产业间的经济联系。中国经济飞速发展是导致水足迹上升的决定性因素。在进出口贸易方面,中国不合理的贸易结构和贸易总量的扩大化是导致虚拟水呈现输出状态的主要影响因素。最后提出:探寻节水技术的新方向,利用部门间经济联系转移部分行业节水压力,完善发展中产业的节水措施,调整进出口产业结构,实施地区性虚拟水贸易战略是中国节水政策的优先发展方向。     

我国火电厂SO2污染治理政策的理论分析

从火电厂的环境特性出发,依据环境经济学的外部性理论、排污费政策以及排污权交易制度,对我国火电厂大气污染治理政策进行了理论分析并提出了相应建议。     

The Spanish building crisis and its effect in the gypsum quarry production (1998–2012)

Gypsum is one of the most important mined mineral commodities of the world. As an industrial rock, it is primarily used by the construction industry. Therefore, the economics of the gypsum market can be correlated with parameters that have controlled the origin and development of the Spanish building bubble between years 1998 and 2006. The burst of this building bubble has been interpreted as the main triggering factor for Spain's current crisis.     

Zn-杂多酸合物催化降解碱性藏花红实验研究

以自制的多金属氧酸盐Zn1.5PW12O40纳米管作为催化剂,以空气作为氧化剂,对碱性藏花红进行了催化氧化实验。结果表明:中空结构、纳米级Zn1.5PW12O40适合用作催化剂。空气氧化体系中的催化氧化最佳反应时间为4h,降解率达到78%,降解速率达到665μg/h;催化剂的活性和稳定性均较高,循环使用4次时降解率仍>65%。     

全球化变革下的中国对外自然资源流动及其关键研究问题

应对全球化变革及其不确定性,认识中国对外自然资源流动的特征与问题,是保障国家资源安全的基础,对实现高质量、可持续发展有重要意义。对应国际劳动分工从产业间贸易、产业内贸易到全球价值链的不同阶段,理解中国对外自然资源流动有不同的理论视角。现有研究主要关注自然资源以原始形态和制成品中的隐含形态在国家之间的流动,讨论了中国对外自然资源流动在供给与需求、利用强度与效率、资源禀赋与流向,以及全局与局部影响之间的矛盾。未来研究仍面临理论和现实的挑战。在理论方面,适应全球价值链分工发展,引入全球生产网络理论探讨企业间互动关系如何塑造自然资源流动路径,能更好地适应中国从“引进来”向“走出去”的转变,以及当下自然资源综合治理的研究需求。在现实方面,应对日益增强的不确定性,亟需深化对自然资源流动网络韧性,以及“双循环”互促关系的认识。     

中国农产品贸易虚拟水转移及其影响因素研究

挑选与中国农产品贸易额较大且具有代表性的10个国家,构建包含资源环境要素的虚拟水投入产出模型,计算农产品贸易隐含虚拟水的转移情况.进而以国际贸易理论为基础构建了以虚拟水净进口量为被解释变量的贸易引力模型,重点探究了包括自由贸易协定和关税在内的各因素对虚拟水转移的影响.结果表明,中国的农业用水效率虽然在逐年提高,但与农业发达国家相比仍有较大差距;中国通过农产品国际贸易实现了对大部分国家虚拟水的贸易逆差;土地资源、劳动力数量、农业生产效率等方面的比较优势以及是否签订自由贸易协定、关税水平等变量是农产品贸易虚拟水流动的显著影响因素.中国通过进一步发展和壮大农产品国际贸易可以有效缓解国内水资源压力,因此应当在提高自身农业比较优势的同时,加快发展对外贸易关系,并充分发挥自由贸易协定在农产品国际贸易中的关键作用.