Energy and exergy analysis of a solid-oxide fuel cell power generation system for an aerial vehicle (ISSA- 2015–139)

This paper presents the performance of the solid-oxide fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid power generation system with heat recovery waste unit based on the energy and exergy analyses. The effect of air inlet temperature and air/fuel ratio on exergy destruction and network output is determined. For the numerical calculations, air inlet temperature and air fuel ratio are increased from 273 to 373 K and from 40 to 60, respectively. The results of the numerical calculations bring out that total exergy destruction quantity increases with the increase of air inlet temperature and air/fuel ratio. Furthermore, the maximum system overall first and second law efficiencies are obtained in the cases of air inlet temperature and air/fuel ratio equal to 273 K and 60, respectively, and these values are 62.09% and 54.91%.     

Hybrid economy research in remote Indigenous Australia: seeing and supporting the customary in community food economies

Hybrid economy research in remote Indigenous Australia is what Gibson-Graham [2008. Diverse economies: performative practices for “other worlds”. Progress in Human Geography, 32 (5), 613–632] describe as a performative ontological project. This research seeks to address the marginalisation of customary economic activities that contribute to the well-being of Indigenous Australians. It aims to make the customary sector more real, more credible and more viable as an object of policy and activism, challenging the dual dominance of the state and the market as the focus of development (cf. Gibson-Graham 2008 Gibson-Graham, J. K. 2008. Diverse economies: performative practices for “other worlds”. Progress in Human Geography, 32(5), 613–632. doi: 10.1177/0309132508090821[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This paper outlines how hybrid economy research has sought to broaden views of the economic landscape in remote Indigenous Australia amid the withdrawal of key policy and programmatic support by the Australian Government. This research draws on Canadian national surveys of Indigenous peoples, harvest studies and programmatic support for customary harvest – hunting, fishing and gathering of bush foods – to identify ways in which the Australian Government might better see and support Indigenous community food economies.     

两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河污水的净化效果

复合人工湿地系统是将不同类型的人工湿地相组合,充分发挥各类型湿地特长,实现优势瓦补的一种更有效的污水净化系统.研究采用复合垂直流-水平潜流人工湿地和复合垂直下行流人工湿地两种复合人工湿地系统对东莞运河的河道污水进行处理,分别监测了两套不同复合人工湿地系统第一、二级湿地单元的出水情况,研究了不同时间段和一定的水力负荷下复合人工湿地系统对河道污水的净化效果.结果表明,两种复合人工湿地系统的二级湿地单元出水各指标明显优于一级湿地单元,复合垂直流-水平潜流湿地对东莞运河污水COD、BOD_5和TP的平均去除率分别达到70.52%、69.21%和55.56%;复合垂直下行流湿地系统对TP的净化尤其突出,平均去除率达到72.62%,二级出水的质量浓度在0.10～0.60 mg·L~(-1)之间,对COD和BOD_5的平均去除率分别为64.74%和60.63%.两种复合系统的出水浓度均达到<城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)中的一级标准.由此可见,两种复合人工湿地系统对各污染物去除效果明显优于单一的湿地系统,且更具稳定性和耐冲击能力.     

毛白杨杂种无性系稳定碳同位素值的特征及其水分利用效率

2008年在北京林业大学对9个毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)杂种无性系苗木生长不同时期的叶片、小枝、根的碳同位素δ~(13)C和瞬时水分利用效率WUEi的差异进行研究,分析不同无性系间δ~(13)C与瞬时水分利用效率WUEi的相互关系,目的在于探求δ~(13)C在筛选高水分利用效率毛白杨杂种无性系中的应用价值.结果表明:不同生长时期叶片δ~(13)C值表现为7月<8月<10月<9月,小枝δ~(13)C值表现为8月<9月<10月,叶片δ~(13)C值、小枝δ~(13)C值在不同时期和不同无性系间的差异均达显著水平,无性系间的差异是引起δ~(13)C值变化的主要因素.不同部位碳同位素比值表现为叶片<小枝<根,毛白杨杂种无性系δ~(13)C值在不同部位和无性系间差异均达显著水平,部位间的差异是引起δ~(13)C值变化的主要因素.δ~(13)C值较高的无性系30、83、BL5的WUEi也较高,δ~(13)C值较低的无性系42、26、BT17的WUEi也较低,且不同时期δ~(13)C和WUEi呈较强的正相关,相关系数分别为0.766、0.872、0.675,高δ~(13)C可以作为筛选高WUEi毛白杨的有效指标,且在苗木生长旺盛时期选育能得到更为可靠的结果.     

HABR系统实现固相异养与单质硫自养集成反硝化试验

采用连续流运行方式,将含NO₃--N的原水依次通过HABR(复合式厌氧折流板反应器)内添加木屑(第1系统)和硫磺颗粒(第2系统)的2个系统,在温度为(25±1)℃的条件下,将NO₃--N容积负荷由72g/(m3·d)逐渐提高至80和96g/(m3·d),在不需投加传统型外加碳源的条件下实现了固相异养与单质硫自养的集成反硝化. 结果表明:进水NO₃--N容积负荷为96g/(m3·d)时,系统NO₃--N总去除率达到99.0％,第1系统和第2系统对NO₃--N的去除率贡献各为50.0％;系统出水ρ(COD_Mn)为5.74～10.05mg/L,ρ(SO₄2-)为405～870mg/L,并且没有NH₄+-N和NO₂--N的积累. 第1系统产生的碱度能部分中和第2系统内产生的酸,进水、第1系统、第2系统出水pH分别为7.5、7.5～7.6、6.5～7.2,使硫自养反硝化系统呈现出较强的pH平衡能力,不需外加石灰石调节碱度即可为反硝化细菌提供较适宜的中性生存环境. 系统在pH平衡能力和NO₃--N去除效果2个方面均表现出良好的协同作用,并且通过集成反硝化作用弥补了2个系统单独运行时反硝化过程效率低的缺点,较传统异养型生物反硝化降低了运行成本.      

Phosphorus removal by a fixed-bed hybrid polymer nanocomposite biofilm reactor

Eutrophication is one of the main challenges regarding the ecological quality of surface waters, phosphorus bioavailability being its main driver. In this context, a novel hybrid polymer nanocomposite (HPN-Pr) biofilm reactor aimed at integrated chemical phosphorus adsorption and biological removal was conceived. The assays pointed to removal of 1.2 mg P/g of reactive phosphorus and 1.01 mg P/g of total phosphorus under steady-state conditions. A mathematical adsorption–biological model was applied to predict reactor performance, which indicated that biological activity has a positive effect on reactor performance, increasing the amount of reactive phosphorus removed.     

干湿交替灌溉制度下纳米修复材料对杂交籼稻籽粒Cd累积及产量的影响

干湿交替灌溉具有节水高产特性,但在重金属Cd污染稻田,干湿交替灌溉常导致稻米Cd含量>0.20 mg·kg^-1,通过添加钝化剂可能对水分高效利用及优质稻米生产具有显著的调控效应.为此,本研究以吸收能力较强的籼型亚种为试材,在前期筛选出的高积累品种（深两优1813）和低积累品种（两优6206）基础上,于Cd轻度污染稻田设置灌溉制度和钝化剂双因素多水平处理开展大田小区试验.结果表明,干湿交替灌溉下,成熟期土壤有效态Cd含量较移栽前降低17.13%~61.01%,而传统淹灌水稻的降低幅度为-43.45%~21.07%,干湿交替灌溉较传统淹灌表现出显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量（P<0.05）.水稻植株地上部各器官Cd含量则表现为干湿交替灌溉处理明显高于传统淹水灌溉处理.不同钝化剂处理相比较,多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰处理对于降低土壤有效态Cd含量和籽粒Cd含量效果最好,显著优于多孔纳米陶瓷、石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭、石灰及不施任何钝化剂处理（P<0.05）.深两优1813和两优6206在多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰组合修复模式下的籽粒Cd含量分别为0.23~0.24 mg·kg^-1和0.16~0.21 mg·kg^-1.产量在灌溉制度、品种、钝化剂处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）.干湿交替灌溉的籽粒Cd含量在多孔纳米陶瓷+石灰组合模式下存在超标风险（深两优1813品种为0.24 mg·kg^-1;两优6206品种为0.21 mg·kg^-1）,但通过选用低积累品种,籽粒Cd含量具有可预见性的达标（<0.20 mg·kg^-1）潜力.因此,干湿交替灌溉+多孔纳米陶瓷和石灰组合修复模式+低积累品种可视为Cd轻度污染稻田节水高产优质稻米的调优生产模式.     

两种能源草田间条件下对镉和锌的吸收累积

大生物量能源草对镉污染土壤的修复潜力如何还未知.本研究采用两种能源草杂交狼尾草（Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum）和紫色象草（P.purpureum ‘Purple’）以及马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）和镉的超累积植物遏蓝菜（Noccaea caerulescens）为对照,在镉污染农田上开展田间试验.结果表明,杂交狼尾草的地上部生物量最大,分别是遏蓝菜和马蔺的126和36倍,与紫色象草地上部生物量无显著差异.遏蓝菜地上部和根部中镉和锌的含量显著高于其他植物.马蔺地上部和根部的锌含量最小,而镉含量显著大于紫色象草和杂交狼尾草（P<0.05）.虽然地上部和根部的镉含量显著小于马蔺和超累积植物遏蓝菜,紫色象草地上部中镉和锌的累积量最大,镉累积量分别是马蔺和遏蓝菜的7.0和4.1倍,锌累积量分别是马蔺和遏蓝菜的41和11倍（P<0.05）.杂交狼尾草地上部镉和锌的累积量略低于紫色象草.遏蓝菜的地上部中镉和锌的富集系数均大于1,其体内镉和锌的转移系数均大于1,可用于提取修复镉锌复合污染土壤;马蔺根部镉富集系数大于1,其体内镉的转移系数小于1,可用于稳定修复镉污染土壤;紫色象草根部锌富集系数大于1,其体内锌的转移系数小于1,可用于稳定修复锌污染土壤.田间条件下,由于大的生物量,紫色象草和杂交狼尾草表现出较强的土壤镉和锌的提取去除潜力,且可产生经济效益,应用前景较好.     

基于自适应调整蚁群-RBF神经网络模型的中长期径流预测

径流预测历来是水利部门的一项重要工作,针对水库和河流中长期径流预测精度不高,提出了自适应调节人工蚁群算法(ARACS),对RBF神经网络参数进行优化,建立了自适应调节人工蚁群-RBF神经网络组合算法(ARACS-RBF)预测模型,综合考虑影响径流预变化因素,对安康水库进行中长期径流预测。对预测效果进行检验,结果证实该模型可真实地反映河川径流变化的总体趋势, 并为判断时间序列数据的非线性提供了一种新方法。与RBF神经网络模型、人工蚁群-RBF神经网络模型预测结果进行对比,结果表明,应用ARACS-RBF模型对中长期径流量进行预测,预测精度更高、效果更好。该方法克服了RBF神经网络和人工蚁群算法易陷于局部极值、搜索质量差和精度不高的缺点,改善了RBF神经网络的泛化能力,收敛速度快,输出稳定性好,提高了径流预测的精度,置信度为98%时的预测相对误差小于6.5%。可有效用于水库和河川中长期径流预测。     

Investigation of the effects of battery types and power management algorithms on drive cycle simulation for a range-extended electric vehicle powertrain

Fuel cell (FC) hybrid vehicle power trains are an attractive technology especially for automotive applications because of their higher efficiency and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. This study focuses on the design of an FC hybrid power train system and evaluation of its simulations for a given speed profile through two alternative power management algorithms (PMAs). Parameters suitable for a small vehicle were taken into consideration in the mathematical model of the vehicle. The proposed hybrid power train consists of an energy storage system, composed of a 4-kg battery pack (either lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, nickel metal hydride, or nickel–cadmium) and a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) as the range extender. The PMAs basically aim to fulfill the power requirements of the vehicle and decide how to command the power split between the battery and the FC. The model comprising a DMFC, a battery, and PMAs was developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The polarization curve of the FC was obtained using a one-dimensional DMFC model. Vehicle power requirements for a drive cycle were calculated using the equations of longitudinal dynamics of vehicle, and the results were integrated into MATLAB/Simulink model. As a result of the simulations, methanol consumption, state of charge of the battery, and power output of the FC were compared for the PMAs. This comparison shows the effect of PMAs on the hybrid vehicle performance for three battery types. The results indicate that the vehicle range could be increased when proper strategy is used as PMA.