灰水足迹研究进展与方法学改进

灰水足迹是水足迹的重要组成部分,定义为稀释污染物所需的水量。灰水足迹作为水污染的体积量化指标,已得到国际学术界广泛应用。然而,由于底层数据缺乏和方法体系限制,灰水足迹研究尚无法为实践管理提供有效支持。本文剖析了灰水足迹评价的必要性及相关概念内涵,从灰水足迹核算方法及适用范围、演化机制、基于灰水足迹的虚拟水流动路径解析等方面综述其研究进展。在此基础上,分析当前灰水足迹核算方法的局限性并提出改进思路。同时,为实现灰水足迹深度应用,进一步阐述未来研究的重点方向,包括构建高时空分辨率灰水足迹数据库、基于实体—虚拟灰水耦合流动格局推动生态补偿机制和推进灰水足迹标签制度以消费侧选择引导生产侧绿色转型。     

Sudden-onset disaster resilience considering functionality improvement planning: An upstream oil and gas company

The present paper presents a quantitative approach to evaluate organizational resilience in sudden-onset disasters considering preparedness actions (PAs). The resilience triangle concept is extended and gradual improvement of the level of functionality (LF) strategy is examined as PAs. Robustness and rapidity measures are considered as loss of LF and recovery time to indicate the overall disaster resilience. Besides, the resourcefulness and redundancy measures are considered pre-determined response plans and PAs aimed to improve disaster resilience. Two mathematical models are developed by applying these measures. Thereafter, graphical analytics are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of PAs and provide a better outlook for decision-makers. Then, mathematical analyses are conducted to show how the PAs affect resilience measures. It is mathematically proved that PAs exert considerable impacts on recovery time, loss of LF, and robustness. To illustrate the application of the proposed approach, it is applied to an upstream oil and gas company in the field of exploration and production. The results suggest that the approach is significantly effective in disaster response, planning, and mitigation.