铜对污染区和非污染区海州香薷光合作用差异

在铜胁迫下,以水培的方法,对污染区、非污染区海州香薷的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)、叶绿素(Chl)等进行比较研究。结果表明,15μmol/L和45μmol/L铜处理下,污染区、非污染区海州香薷Pn均显著下降,但是污染区Pn下降了16%~27%,非污染区Pn下降了56%~62%。此外,非污染区海州香薷Gs、Ci均明显下降,Ls明显上升,Chla、Chlb含量没有明显变化(15μmol/L铜的Chla含量除外),表明其净光合速率下降的主要原因是气孔限制;但是,污染区海州香薷Gs、Ci、Ls上升或轻微变化,Chla、Chlb含量均明显下降,表明其光合作用可能不存在气孔限制,同时Chl含量明显下降可能是其净光合速率下降的原因之一。此研究揭示了金属型植物光合作用差异及其气孔和非气孔限制,可为进一步查明其生长限制因子提供科学依据。     

Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition and fire on plant and soil chemistry in an alpine heathland

The response of alpine heathland vegetation and soil chemistry to N additions of 0, 10, 20 and 50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in combination with simulated accidental fire (+/−) was monitored over a 5-year period. N addition caused rapid and significant increases in plant tissue N content and N:P and N:K of Calluna vulgaris, suggesting increasing phosphorus and potassium limitation of growth. Soil C:N declined significantly with N addition, indicating N saturation and increasing likelihood of N leakage. Fire further decreased soil C:N and reduced potential for sequestration of additional N. This study shows that alpine heathlands, which occupy the headwaters of many rivers, have limited potential to retain deposited N and may rapidly become N saturated, leaking N into downstream communities and surface waters.     

The effect of dominance hierarchy on the use of alternative foraging tactics: a phenotype-limited producing-scrounging game

Group living is thought to be advantageous for animals, though it also creates opportunities for exploitation. Using food discovered by others can be described as a producer-scrounger, frequency-dependent game. In the game, scroungers (parasitic individuals) do better than producers (food finders) when scroungers are rare in the group, but they do worse when scroungers are common. When the individuals' payoffs do not depend on their phenotype (i.e. a symmetric game), this strong negative frequency dependence leads to a mixed stable solution where both alternatives obtain equal payoffs. Here, we address the question of how differences in social status in a dominance hierarchy influence the individuals' decision to play producer or scrounger in small foraging groups. We model explicitly the food intake rate of each individual in a dominance-structured foraging group, then calculate the Nash equilibrium for them. Our model predicts that only strong differences in competitive ability will influence the use of producing or scrounging tactics in small foraging groups; dominants will mainly play scrounger and subordinates will mostly use producer. Since the differences in competitive ability of different-ranking individuals likely depend on the economic defendability of food, our model provides a step towards the integration of social foraging and resource defence theories. Received: 30 July 1997 / Accepted after revision: 15 November 1997     

Low queen mating frequency in the seed-harvester ant Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) pima: implications for the evolution of polyandry

The evolution of polyandry is a central problem in the study of insect mating systems, and both material and genetic benefits have been proposed to offset the presumed costs of multiple mating. Although most eusocial Hymenoptera queens mate with just one or occasionally two males, high levels of polyandry are exhibited by several taxa, including seed-harvester ants of the genus Pogonomyrmex. Previous studies of queen mating frequency in Pogonomyrmex have focused on monogynous (one queen per colony) species in the subgenus Pogonomyrmex. We performed a genetic mother–offspring analysis of mating frequency in Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) pima, a queen-dimorphic species with dealate and intermorph queens that differ in colony structure (intermorph colonies contain multiple queens). Our results demonstrate that both dealate and intermorph queens of P. (E.) pima are typically single maters, unlike their congeners analyzed thus far. Polyandry appears to be a derived trait in Pogonomyrmex, but comparative tests between P. (E.) pima queen morphs and across the genus provide no evidence that it evolved as an adaptation to increase genetic diversity within colonies or to obtain more sperm, respectively.     

The optimal harvest and management in the models of animal populations

We extended zero-cost optimization model for population of domestic animals. Also the model of hiring of labor in cattle-breeding farm is constructed and investigated.     

Nutrient stoichiometry in Sphagnum along a nitrogen deposition gradient in highly polluted region of Central-East Europe

We investigated the variation of N:P and N:K ratio in ombrotrophic Sphagnum plants along a gradient of atmospheric N deposition from 1 to 2.5 g m⁻² year⁻¹ in Central-East Europe. The N:P and N:K ratio in Sphagnum capitula increased significantly along the N deposition gradient. Sphagnum species from the Cuspidata section were characterised by significantly lower ratios at low N deposition. When we compared the observed N:P ratios in Sphagnum plants with the values reported in a previous European-wide study, we found a correspondence in nutrient stoichiometry only for a few bogs: higher P concentration in Sphagnum capitula caused a lower N:P ratio in most of the study bogs so that Sphagnum plants still seem N-limited despite their N saturation. Interaction between summer water table decrease and aerial liming of surrounding forests is proposed as an explanation for this discrepancy. Local forestry practice interacting with climate thus alter N:P stoichiometry of Sphagnum along the N deposition gradient.     

Effects of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Remote Freshwater Ecosystems

We review known and hypothesized effects of nitrogen (N) deposition owing to human activities on the chemistry, organisms, and ecosystem processes of remote oligotrophic freshwaters. Acidification is the best-known effect of N deposition on water chemistry, but additional effects include increased nutrient availability and alteration of the balance between N and other nutrients. Our synthesis of the literature, framed in a comprehensive model for the effects of N deposition on natural ecosystems, shows that all these effects can reduce biological diversity and alter ecosystem processes in remote freshwaters. N deposition is projected to grow worldwide in the near future and will interact with other global changes. Present effects on these fragile ecosystems may be only early signs of more radical impacts ahead.     

极限定义的新理解

针对“极限”概念提出了一些见解,并从理论上描述和给出了“极限”的精确定义,从该定义出发,更有助正确理解和掌握“极限”的内在含义。     

关于风景评价中心理物理学方法局限性的探讨

由于对西方风景评价理论和方法缺乏足够的了解和深入的研究，现今国内对其中的心理物理学方法及其作用产生了一些误解。本文在扼要介绍了心理物理学派的主要方法思路之后，着重对该学派所存在的重大理论缺陷和方法局限性做了较深入的分析。     

在中国发展环境会计的局限性分析

建立和发展环境会计是中国贯彻可持续发展战略的必然选择和重要保障。环境会计产生并形成于西方国家，目前中国尚未形成适合中国国情的环境会计体系，环境会计的研究在中国仍处于理论探讨阶段，无法在实践中运用。环境会计研究需要在引进西方国家研究成果的基础上不断的自我创新，自我完善。因此应该结合中国的国情和环境会计的学科特点，从环境会计产生的理论基础，传统会计的局限性，企业对环境责任履行不足三个方面分析环境会计在中国的发展创新受到限制的原因。只有正视这些阻碍环境会计在中国发展的局限性，环境会计才能在理论上进一步完善，在实践中真正运用。