过犹不及:土地资源资本化与实体经济发展

在经济转型发展战略背景下,探讨土地资源资本化及其对实体经济发展的影响具有重要理论和现实意义。不同于已有研究均质化地理解土地资本化,该研究从"度"的视角切入,认为土地资本化存在适度与过度之分,由此分析了不同程度土地资本化对实体经济的影响,并基于中国工业企业微观数据予以实证考察,最后讨论了中国当前土地过度资本化风险与原因。研究表明:(1)土地资本化存在限度,限度范围内促进实体经济增长,越过限度则抑制实体经济增长,两者呈"倒U型"关系,该结论在多种模型设定下均保持稳健;(2)当土地资本化越过最优限度,将激起全要素成本快速上涨,导致利润空间收窄,引致实体经济萎缩;(3)从工业企业大样本微观数据估计出的"倒U型"拐点来判断,当前中国城市经济已面临较严重的土地过度资本化问题,东中西部相继进入过度资本化高风险状态,这可能损害实体经济而影响中国经济的增长前景;(4)进一步的分析表明,中国式分权造成的地方政府"为增长而竞争"可能是土地资本化持续深化乃至过度化的重要原因,调整政治激励方式应是寻求土地过度资本化理性回归的着力点。研究提供了重要政策启示:土地资本化是一把"双刃剑",趋利避害的关键是把握"度"的原则;中国必须通过深化政绩考核、土地市场和土地税制等多方面协同改革来纠正土地过度资本化偏向;面向高质量发展与实体经济转型升级,主动转变土地资本化支撑方式,改革土地资本收益支出结构,加快支出重心向新基建、科教部门和民生部门转移。     

赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻抗氧化酶活性对氮磷比失衡的响应

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)是浮游植物抗氧化酶系统的重要组成部分,可有效消除因环境胁迫产生的活性氧自由基对细胞的损伤。本文通过研究氮磷比失衡状态下赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻的生长及其SOD与CAT酶活性的变化,探索了赤潮物种抗氧化酶对氮磷比失衡的响应。研究表明:N和P限制不仅抑制了赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻的生长,而且显著提高了SOD与CAT酶活性。酶活性对营养盐失衡的响应随营养盐类型和藻类种类不同而有所差异:赤潮异弯藻对P限制最为敏感,其SOD和CAT酶活性在P限制下显著高于N限制;而N限制和P限制对海洋卡盾藻抗氧化酶活性的影响并无差异。抗氧化酶活性的调控能够有效降低氮磷比失衡对藻类细胞的生理损伤,有利于藻华的发生和规模的维持。     

北部湾冬季的生物固氮作用

2006年12月至2007年1月(冬季)期间,对北部湾海区的生物固氮作用进行了初步研究,结果表明:当培养时间为2 h时,水体浮游生物固氮速率最高,且固氮速率随着培养时间的延长而逐渐降低。北部湾冬季固氮速率存在周日变化,8∶10～11∶10时段内固氮速率达到最高值。10 m和30 m水深在夜间仍能检测到固氮活性,这可能是浮游生物昼夜垂直移动引起的。北部湾冬季固氮速率的范围为447.5～1447.2 pmol/(L.h),固氮速率呈现出从湾内往湾外不断增加的趋势,湾口海区(B06站)的积分固氮速率为319.5μmol/(m2.d)。B06站Fe加富实验表明,添加100 nmol/L Fe能够明显促进生物固氮作用,北部湾冬季湾口海区生物固氮作用可能受到Fe限制。     

设备本体缺陷导致袋式除尘器失效因素探析

叙述并分析了袋式除尘器失效主要是滤袋严重破损和设备阻力过高造成的,设备本体缺陷导致袋式除尘器失效的主要因素有进风方式、气流分布、本体结构、清灰装置、参数确定、制作和安装质量、操作和维护的规范程度等,同时提出了克服袋式除尘器本体缺陷的建议。     

初夏渤海湾营养盐结构特征及其限制状况分析

根据2016年初夏渤海湾营养盐、叶绿素a和相关水文参数等数据,利用浮游植物吸收营养盐最低阈值和化学计量关系作为判断依据对渤海湾营养盐限制状况进行分析.结果表明：受陆地径流和渤海中部冷水输入的影响,初夏渤海湾在近岸、中部和湾口呈现三个明显的温盐特征海区.溶解无机氮（DIN）和活性硅酸盐（SiO₃^2--Si）受陆源输入影响,呈现近岸高湾口低的特征;DIN平均浓度为（7.67±6.48）μmol/L,SiO₃^2--Si平均浓度为（5.44±3.01）μmol/L,在湾口表层,DIN含量较低仅为（2.21±2.94）μmol/L,其中50%站点含量低于阈值（1μmol/L）,58.3%的站点存在DIN限制.而活性磷酸盐（PO₄^3--P）受陆源输入和浮游植物吸收储存作用等因素影响,呈现西部和曹妃甸外近海高中部较低的分布特征,平均浓度为（0.07±0.07）μmol/L,近岸受陆源氮磷输入总量差异影响,表层存在磷潜在限制比例达100%,而中部表层受浮游植物消耗吸收的影响,PO₄^3--P含量较低,仅为（0.02±0.02）μmol/L （未检出设为0）,其中近74.3%的水样含量低于阈值（0.03μmol/L）,磷限制状况严重.随着渤海湾氮磷营养盐陆源输入总量差距不断扩大,磷限制状况必将会进一步发展.     

Sperm allocation in relation to male traits, female size, and copulation behaviour in freshwater crayfish species

Sperm competition is a well-recognised agent in the evolution of sperm and ejaculate structure, as well as variation in female quality. Models of the evolution of ejaculate expenditure predict that male body condition, female fecundity and the risk and intensity of sperm competition may be the ultimate factors shaping optimal ejaculate size. We investigated sperm allocation in Austropotamobius italicus, a freshwater crayfish exhibiting a coercive mating system and external fertilisation, in relation to male and female traits and copulation behaviour under laboratory conditions. We found that mating males were sensitive to female size and produced larger ejaculates when mating with larger females, which were more fecund in terms of number of eggs produced. We found no evidence for female egg production being sperm-limited, as the number of eggs was not dependent on male sperm expenditure. Copulation duration and number of ejaculations reliably predicted the amount of sperm transferred, and both these behavioural measures positively covaried with female body size. These results indicate that male freshwater crayfish can modulate their sperm expenditure in accordance with cues that indicate female fecundity. In addition, a novel finding that emerged from this study is the decrease in sperm expenditure with male body size, which may either suggest that large, old male crayfish are better able than small males to economise sperm at a given mating to perform multiple matings during a reproductive season, or that they experience senescence of their reproductive performance.     

Detecting Population Declines over Large Areas with Presence-Absence, Time-to-Encounter, and Count Survey Methods

Abstract:  Ecologists often discount presence-absence surveys as a poor way to gain insight into population dynamics, in part because these surveys are not amenable to many standard statistical tests. Still, presence-absence surveys are sometimes the only feasible alternative for monitoring large areas when funds are limited, especially for sparse or difficult-to-detect species. I undertook a detailed simulation study to compare the power of presence-absence, count, and time-to-encounter surveys to detect regional declines in a population. I used a modeling approach that simulates both population numbers and the monitoring process, accounting for observation and other measurement errors. In gauging the efficacy of presence-absence surveys versus other approaches, I varied the number of survey sites, the spatial variation in encounter rate, the mean encounter rate, and the type of population loss. My results showed that presence-absence data can be as or more powerful than count data in many cases. Quantitative guidelines for choosing between presence-absence surveys and count surveys depend on the biological and logistical constraints governing a conservation monitoring situation. Generally, presence-absence surveys work best when there is little variability in abundance among the survey sites, the organism is rare, and the species is difficult to detect so that the time spent getting to each survey site is less than or equal to the time spent surveying each site. Count surveys work best otherwise. I present a case study with count data on the Northern Flicker ( Colaptes auratus ) from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to illustrate how the method might be used with field-survey data. The case study demonstrates that a count survey would be the most cost-effective design but would entail reduction in the number of sites. If this site reduction is not desirable, a presence-absence survey would be the most cost-effective survey.     

Development, dilemma and potential strategies for the application of nanocatalysts in wastewater catalytic ozonation: A review

With the continuous development of nanomaterials in recent years, the application of nanocatalysts in catalytic ozone oxidation has attracted more and more researchers' attention due to their excellent catalytic properties. In this review, we systematically summarized the current research status of nanocatalysts mainly involving material categories, mechanisms and catalytic efficiency. Based on summary and analysis, we found most of the reported nanocatalysts were in the stage of laboratory research, which was caused by the nanocatalysts defects such as easy aggregation, difficult separation, and easy leakage. These defects might result in severe resource waste, economic loss and potentially adverse effects imposed on the ecosystem and human health. Aiming at solving these defects, we further analyzed the reasons and the existing reports, and revealed that coupling nano-catalyst and membrane, supported nanocatalysts and magnetic nanocatalysts had promising potential in solving these problems and promoting the actual application of nanocatalysts in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the advantages, shortages and our perspectives of these methods are summarized and discussed.     

Modeling individual and population dynamics in a consumer–resource system: Behavior under food limitation and crowding and the effect on population cycling in Daphnia

In population modeling, a considerable level of complexity is often required to provide trustworthy results, comparable with field observations. By assuring sufficient detail at the individual level while preserving the potential to explore the consequences at higher levels, individual-based modeling may thus provide a useful tool to investigate dynamics at different levels of organization. Still, population dynamics resulting from such models are often at odds with observations from the field. This may be partly caused by a lack of focus on the individual dynamics under conditions of food stress and starvation. I developed a physiologically structured, individual-based simulation model to investigate life history of Daphnia and its effect on population dynamics in response to the productivity of the system. In verifying model behavior with available literature data on life history and physiology, I paid special attention to the dynamics of food intake and the verification of individual level results under conditions of food limitation and starvation. I show that the maximum filtering rates under low food levels used in the current model are much closer to measured filtering rates than the ones used in other models. Being consistent with results on physiology and life history from experiments at a wide range of food availability (including starvation), the model generates low amplitude or high amplitude population density cycles depending on the productivity of the system, as observed in field and experimental populations of Daphnia and with the minimum population densities being one to two orders of magnitude lower in the high amplitude than in the low amplitude cycles. To generate results which are not only qualitatively but also quantitatively comparable to experimental and field observations, however, a crowding effect on the filtering response has to be incorporated in the model.