城市再生水的自主定价问题及定价方法研究

分析了现有再生水定价理论方法存在的缺陷,总结了我国城市再生水回用现状及定价实践中存在的随意定价和盲目定价问题,通过考虑再生水作为自来水替代品以及无需垄断管制的特点,提出了再生水可由生产企业自主定价的论点,建立了基于成本与需求综合考虑的再生水自主定价模型,提出了具有可操作性的定价方法。首先建立用户使用再生水的充要条件假设,确定用户对再生水的保留价格公式,然后分别计算在各种水价下对用户供水的收入和成本,再求得供水总利润最大时的再生水价格,该价格即为再生水自主定价时的最优价格。通过具体算例,对上述定价方法进行了演示说明。最后,总结了再生水自主定价的现实意义及实施自主定价的支持条件。     

我国碳排放权交易价格影响因素回归分析

2017年年底我国正式启动统一碳排放权交易市场,碳市场为我国实行二氧化碳减排提供了有效手段。由于碳市场起步晚,市场交易机制、法规制度等方面亟待完善。本文在探究碳排放权交易机制和碳价格形成过程的基础上,尝试将技术进步作为解释变量之一进行分析。实证研究选取2014年7月—2018年12月五个活跃度高的碳试点日交易价格数据,采用多元回归模型分析六个影响因素与我国碳排放权交易价格的相关性。实证结果表明,金融市场、能源价格、空气质量、国际碳市场、技术进步均与碳排放权交易价格存在显著的相关关系,其中技术进步因素具有较强的影响力,与碳排放交易价格呈显著的负相关关系。碳排放权交易价格影响因素的确定可为我国健全和完善统一碳排放权交易市场提供决策参考。     

实施乌鲁木齐市“蓝天计划”的落实情况及存在的问题分析

“九五”期间（1998年）,市政府向广大市民郑重宣布,用5年时间,彻底整治乌市大气环境,还市民一片蓝天,今年是关键的第四年,回顾“蓝天计划”的执行落实情况,总结取得的成绩,经验和存在的问题,对解决这些问题提出了对策建议。     

EFFECT OF PRICE STRUCTURE ON RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND1

ABSTRACT: Little is known about how different types of municipal water rate structures influence residential water use. Conventional wisdom suggests that increasing block rate structures promote conservation, but analysis of data from 85 Massachusetts communities does not support this view.     

LINEAR PROGRAMMING USE FOR EVALUATING WATER RESOURCES AND COST AND BENEFIT ALLOCATION1

ABSTRACT A linear programming model for a river basin was developed to include almost all water-related economic activity both for consumers and producers. The model was so designated that the entire basin or basin sub-division could be analyzed. The model included seven sectors, nine objective function criteria, and three river-flow levels. Economic basis for conflicts among sectors over incidence of cost allocation and level of economic activity can be traced to some chosen objective. The disposal of untreated household waste water, particularly from the rural household, directly into the river was consistent with maximizing net benefits and minimizing costs. The optimum resource allocation, water-treatment plants, farms and industry activities would change with flow level. For each of the three industries analyzed separately, paper, wool and tanning, public treatment of industrial waste water was the optimal treatment process in one or more of the solutions. Lake shoreline was the dominant feature determining lake-resource valuation. Implied capital value varied from $126 per shoreline foot to over $250 depending on discount rate. Implied prices on lake surface ranged from $42 to $147 per acre. Strong economic forces encouraged small lot sizes for vacation cottages.     

影子价格与企业管理决策

影子价格实际上是在最优决策下对一种资源效用价值的估价,它真实反映了资源在经济结构中对目标函数值的影响和贡献大小,资源的影子价格越高,表明该种资源对总目标的贡献越大.影子价格有利于资源的优化配置,并为调整产品结构、优化产业结构、增加经济效益提供了一个十分重要和有价值的数量依据.     

RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND IN METRO MANILA1

ABSTRACT: An econometric demand function is estimated for residential water use in Metropolitan Manila. Regression results using annual time series data from 1970 to 1981 show that residential water consumption responds to changes in economic variables. Residential demand showed an income (household) elasticity of 0.542 and a combined price elasticity of -0.287. Implications for planning and management are discussed.     

Managing Congestion: Economics of Price and Lottery Rationing

It is not uncommon for the carrying capacity for congestible facilities to be estimated before the allocation method is known. This paper shows how efficient capacity differs between two competing resource allocation mechanisms, one which is efficient (price) and one which is fair (lottery). The welfare theoretic implications of adopting lottery allocation rather than price allocation are illustrated from the perspectives of economic efficiency and the benefits obtained by resource users and suppliers. It is found that risk-neutral resource users will always prefer lottery allocation to price allocation. While price allocation is efficient, it is never in risk-neutral resource users» interests to have price allocation imposed. Conclusions are tested using a linear constant crowding demand function, in which case it is found that the efficient capacity for lottery rationing exceeds the efficient capacity where price is to be used to allocate a congestible resource. Objectives may be better met by joint use of allocation mechanisms, the implications of which are investigated using the linear demand model.     

ESTIMATING RESIDENTIAL FLOOD CONTROL BENEFITS USING IMPLICIT PRICE EQUATIONS1

ABSTRACT: An implicit price model relating residential lot value to price determining characteristics of land is developed to measure the benefits of a structural flood control project. Special attention is given to the selection of relevant price determining characteristics of residential lots. An implicit price equation is estimated for both the with and without project conditions. Flood damages are quantified through the use of a dummy variable indicating a flood plain location. The analysis shows that annual flood damages were reduced by $15,275.     

浅谈城市房价与地价

地价与房价作为房地产市场的两个重要指标，其水平高低对房地产市场的正常、有序发展起者重要作用。房价与地价在一定范围内、一定条件下相互作用，相互影响。正确分析和处理房价与地价的关系，促进房地产业健康发展，可采取以下措施：土地交易信息公开、透明；土地及时开发，及时入市；加强对土地市场供需结构的宏观调控和经济适用房、廉租房体系的建设等。