Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type macrocrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type μc-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 μm) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

热脱附气相色谱质谱法测定空气中萜烯有机物

采用自动热脱附(ATD)和气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)联用技术,研究并建立了空气中11种萜烯有机物的测试方法。采用吸附剂Tenax TA进行吸附捕集时,α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯极易发生穿透现象,三者的穿透率超过60%;与Tenax TA相比,吸附剂Carbopack B/CarbosieveTMS-Ⅲ可有效抑制萜烯有机物的穿透行为。ATD优化的操作参数为:一级脱附温度和时间分别选择为260℃和10 min,冷肼温度为-20℃,二级热脱附温度和时间分别为280℃和5 min。该方法测试结果准确,重现性和稳定性较好,方法的加标回收率为89%¹12%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于11%。将该法用于室内空气中萜烯类有机物的测试,发现不同空气样品中均含有多种萜烯有机物,其总量约占总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的15%112%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于11%。将该法用于室内空气中萜烯类有机物的测试,发现不同空气样品中均含有多种萜烯有机物,其总量约占总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的15%⁶5%,出现几率较大的有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、香叶烯、蒈烯、柠檬烯和柏木烯,松油醇较少出现。     

吹扫捕集气质联用法测定水中4种挥发性有机物

建立了吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用法测定水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油的方法,对吹扫时间进行了优化,研究了pH值对吹扫捕集率的影响。结果表明,在pH值为6¹0时,吹扫时间为11 min时吹扫捕集效率最高,用脉冲控制自动进标样的方法绘制工作曲线,曲线相关系数在0.99610时,吹扫时间为11 min时吹扫捕集效率最高,用脉冲控制自动进标样的方法绘制工作曲线,曲线相关系数在0.996⁰.999 9之间,方法的检出限在0.060.999 9之间,方法的检出限在0.06¹.0μg/L之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%1.0μg/L之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%⁶.2%之间,方法具有很好的线性和精密度。方法用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定,并进行了加标回收实验,地表水回收率在86.8%6.2%之间,方法具有很好的线性和精密度。方法用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定,并进行了加标回收实验,地表水回收率在86.8%¹12.1%之间,生活污水回收率在91.9%112.1%之间,生活污水回收率在91.9%⁹9%之间,废水回收率在82.2%～104.3%之间,表明方法具很好的准确度,可用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定。     

自来水处理工艺对溶解相中全氟化合物残留的影响

为探究自来水原水到出厂水各处理环节对自来水中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)残留的影响,了解原水中PFCs的季节性变化规律,应用WAX固相萃取分离富集与高效液相色谱-质谱联用相结合的方法,分析了深圳市某自来水厂一年间原水、出厂水及絮凝池、沉降池、砂滤池、臭氧+活性炭池出水溶解相中13种PFCs的残留水平.结果表明,原水和出厂水中ΣPFCs残留呈春夏高而秋冬低的趋势,检出的PFCs呈中短链(C≤10)长链(C≥11)的分布,而全氟辛烷磺酸是PFCs最典型残留种态.在原水经过的5个处理环节中,臭氧+活性炭、沉降和砂滤具有PFCs去除效应,然而絮凝和液氯消毒却分别使短链(C≤6)和中链(10≥C≥7)PFCs显著上升,导致出厂水中ΣPFCs浓度较原水增加了10%～44%.但出厂水中PFCs残留远低于其限值,尚不足以影响人体健康.     

土壤微生物对环境胁迫的响应机制

微生物在生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起重要作用.研究土壤微生物对各种环境胁迫的响应有助于认识微生物对环境变化的适应与演变机理,维持土壤生态系统功能的稳定.土壤微生物群落多样性是衡量土壤生态系统稳定性的一个重要指标.多数研究表明,土壤微生物群落多样性越高,土壤生态系统越稳定.本文在总结土壤微生物群落多样性及其与环境胁迫响应关系的基础上,进一步讨论了土壤微生物对环境胁迫响应的生态学机制,包括:①抗性微生物的出现及抗性基因的水平转移.该过程导致了土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的改变,产生了更多抵抗能力较强的微生物类群,从而达到对外源干扰的适应,使土壤微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力随之提高.②土壤微生物群落功能的冗余.这些冗余程度越高,冗余组分缓冲维持生态系统正常功能的能力越强,从而提高微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力.研究土壤生态系统的稳定性与微生物多样性之间的关系,不仅有助于揭示土壤生态系统稳定性的内在机制,为合理调控提供科学依据,也可以为土壤环境质量管理提供参考.     

环境空气中PM2.5与PM10质量浓度关系的研究

采集大连市4个大气自动监测点位30dPM2.5和PM10质量浓度小时值的监测数据,通过对每个点位720个有效数据对的统计分析,研究二者质量浓度的相关性及 PM2.5/PM10比值的分布情况,并研究了气象因素对PM2.5与PM10的影响。结果表明,雾使PM2.5PM10浓度都减小,但二者比值也随之降低;强风会使PM10浓度增大,但PM2.5浓度却减小。     

步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料耐腐蚀性能研究

采用自制的复合荧光粉体和化学载体成分,研制出一种步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料。采用酸溶液、碱溶液和盐溶液浸泡腐蚀的方法,研究了针对有关武器表面处理的酸性和碱性环境以及海水浸泡环境下材料的耐腐蚀性能。试验结果表明,研制的新材料具有良好的耐酸、耐碱、耐盐腐蚀性能,可满足步兵轻武器夜间瞄准需求。     

深圳地区全氟辛烷磺酸的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为研究

为探究全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)在深圳地区的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为,本研究利用LevelⅢ逸度模型,通过输入PFOS的物理化学性质参数和深圳地区环境参数,首先模拟计算了深圳地区大气、水体、土壤和沉积物中PFOS的含量并用实测数据进行验证,其次基于PFOS在各相间的迁移通量分析确定了其主要的迁移途径及归趋行为,最后对模型的输入参数和输出结果分别进行了灵敏度和不确定度分析.结果表明,大气、水体、土壤和沉积物中的PFOS模拟含量分别为1.4 pg·m~(-3)、7.0 ng·L~(-1)、0.39μg·kg~(-1)和0.11μg·kg~(-1),和实测结果较吻合.气相到土相、土相到水相和气相到水相的迁移量分别占PFOS相间总迁移量的32%、32%和5.8%,是PFOS相间的主要迁移途径,而PFOS随水体迁出是其从区域环境迁出的主要途径.大气和水体的平流输入速率、温度、PFOS的水溶性和降雨,以及土壤和沉积物的密度是影响模型输出结果的关键参数.不确定度分析结果则表明PFOS含量在水体中的变异系数最小而在土壤中的最大,这可能是由土壤易于变化的有机碳含量造成的.     

九龙江下游水源水中新发病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因的定量PCR检测

新发水传病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因对于饮用水的生物安全性有重要意义.以7种典型的水传病原微生物和4种抗生素抗性基因作为检测指标,对闽西南地区的重要水源九龙江下游水源水进行了检测.从九龙江下游4个采样点和附近某水厂进出水采集水样,用0.22μm的滤膜过滤后,进行DNA提取及荧光定量PCR检测.结果表明,九龙江下游水源水中Salmonella enterica(Salmonella spp.)、Legionella pneumophila(L.pneumophila)和Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)等个别指标可达到103、104、105copies.mL-1的水平.有机物浓度可能对病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因的水平有较大影响.水厂常规工艺对于大多数病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因可以实现有效去除,但对Salmonella spp.的去除效果不理想.因此为保证饮用水安全,需要在清理污染源、提高处理工艺水平以及末端控制方面加强管理.