Products and stability of phosphate reactions with lead under freeze-thaw cycling in simple systems

Orthophosphate fixation of metal contaminated soils in environments that undergo freeze-thaw cycles is understudied. Freeze-thaw cycling potentially influences the reaction rate, mineral chemical stability and physical breakdown of particles during fixation. This study determines what products form when phosphate (triple superphosphate [Ca(H₂PO₄)₂] or sodium phosphate [Na₃PO₄]) reacts with lead (PbSO₄ or PbCl₂) in simple chemical systems in vitro, and assesses potential changes in formation during freeze-thaw cycles. Systems were subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles from +10 °C to −20 °C and then analysed by X-ray diffractometry. Pyromorphite formed in all systems and was stable over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Low temperature lead orthophosphate reaction efficiency varied according to both phosphate and lead source; the most time-efficient pyromorphite formation was observed when PbSO₄ and Na₃PO₄ were present together. These findings have implications for the manner in which metal contaminated materials in freezing ground can be treated with phosphate.     

Investigating roles of organic and inorganic soil components in sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic compounds

The main objective of the present study was to assess the roles of various soil components in sorption of organic compounds differing in polarity. Removal of the whole soil organic matter decreased sorption by approximately 86% for nonpolar 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (TCB), but only 34-54% for highly polar 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB); however, removal of the extractable humic/fulvic acids did not much affect sorption of the two sorbates. With normalization of solute hydrophobicity, TNB exhibits several orders of magnitude stronger sorption compared with TCB to maize burn residue (black carbon), extracted humic acid and Na⁺-saturated montmorillonite clay, suggesting specific sorptive interactions for TNB with the individual model soil components. It was proposed that sorption of TCB to the bulk soil was dominated by hydrophobic partition to the condensed, non-extractable fraction of organic matters (humin/kerogen and black carbon), while interactions with soil clay minerals were an important additional factor for sorption of TNB.     

PAC与粘土矿物混凝去除颤藻及残余铝形态研究

研究了PAC与不同粒径的天然粘土矿物复合混凝去除给水中的颤藻。结果表明，两者复合除藻效果显著优于单加PAC。当PAC浓度为12 mg/L，矿物浓度为24 mg/L，粒径为160目时，除藻效果最好，浊度和叶绿素a去除率分别为98.2%和100%。两者复合后PAC形态含量都发生了变化，悬浮态铝含量相对增加，溶解态铝含量相对减少，总残余铝量减小。     

三氯乙烯在不同土壤中的吸附特性及其影响因素研究

吸附作用是影响三氯乙烯(TCE)在土壤环境中迁移、归趋的主要过程.采用有机碳含量不同的2种天然土壤以及用H2O2去除低聚合"软碳"和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的4种土壤为吸附剂,考察了有机碳含量及组成、矿物质、TCE初始浓度、溶液pH、土壤含水率、离子强度等因素对吸附TCE的影响.结果表明,TCE在6种土壤上的吸附等温线呈非线性,随有机碳含量增加,土壤对TCE的吸附量增加;但矿物质的吸附贡献率却减小.土壤对TCE的吸附是土壤中有机碳和矿物质的共同作用,以有机碳为主,但矿物质的作用不可忽略;且TCE初始浓度越高,矿物质的贡献率相对越低.土壤中"软碳"的吸附等温线线性较好;而"硬碳"的吸附等温线为非线性.此外,增大离子强度对吸附具有促进作用,而pH和含水率对吸附几乎没有影响.     

酸化对茶园黄棕壤CEC和粘土矿物组成的影响

用采自江苏溧阳种茶13 a和34 a的茶园黄棕壤表土和种茶54 a的茶园土壤剖面研究了酸化对土壤黏土矿物组成和阳离子交换量（CEC）的影响。结果表明：种茶13 a和34 a,表层土壤发生明显酸化,但土壤2∶1型黏土矿物的质量分数和CEC均与荒地土壤相似,说明酸化没有对黏土矿物转化和CEC产生明显影响。但种茶54 a后土壤发生进一步酸化,表层和表下层土壤pH降至3.79和3.70。土壤2∶1型黏土矿物质量分数随采用深度的增加而增加,高岭石质量分数呈相反的变化趋势。说明表层和表下层土壤的严重酸化加速土壤2∶1型黏土矿物向1∶1型高岭石的转化,这导致表层和表下层土壤CEC显著减小。     

酸性硫酸盐环境中菌密度对生物成因次生铁矿物形成的影响

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)促进次生铁矿物形成的现象在酸性煤矿废水(ACMD)的治理领域具有重要意义.本研究探索了A. ferrooxidans接种密度在酸性硫酸盐环境(9K培养基)中对Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及矿物产生量的影响,同时考察了矿物合成体系矿相的变化情况.结果表明,当体系A. ferrooxidans接种密度为0.27×10⁶~5.40×10⁷ cells·mL^-1时,溶液中Fe²⁺需60~12 h氧化完全.培养至60 h,上述体系总Fe沉淀率分别达到10.7%~35.9%.不同接种体系Fe²⁺同时氧化完全时,沉淀单位质量Fe而转化的次生铁矿物量随着接种密度的增加而增大.例如,A. ferrooxidans接种密度分别为1.35×10⁶、2.70×10⁶、8.10×10⁶和1.62×10⁷ cells·mL^-1的处理在Fe²⁺同时完全氧化时刻,Fe沉淀率分别为17.6%、20.0%、24.1% 和26.5%,且沉淀1 g Fe转化的次生铁矿物量分别为2.04、2.10、2.17与2.27 g.结晶度较差的施氏矿物是次生铁矿物合成初期产生的唯一矿相,Fe²⁺完全氧化时,矿物相为施氏矿物与结晶度好的黄铁矾矿物的混合物.     

热处理对天然富钙粘土矿物除磷能力的影响

以天然富钙粘土矿物（海泡石和凹凸棒）为研究对象,采用热处理的方法对其进行活化,并利用X-射线衍射（XRD）分析了矿物结构的变化,同时研究了热处理粘土矿物的除磷能力和机制.结果表明,热处理能够显著改变海泡石和凹凸棒的矿物组成,大幅提高其对磷的吸附能力,并分别在900 ℃和800 ℃的活化条件下对磷的吸附能力达到最佳,吸附量分别可达37.7 mg·g^-1和30.9 mg·g^-1.Freundlich方程和准二级方程能较好地拟合热处理粘土对磷的吸附热力学和动力学过程.同时还发现,pH值（3~10）对热处理粘土除磷能力基本无影响.热处理富钙粘土的除磷机制主要是与溶液中的磷生成钙磷沉淀.     

土壤组分对四氯乙烯吸附解吸行为的影响

吸附和解吸作用是影响四氯乙烯(PCE)在土壤环境中迁移、归趋的主要过程.采用总有机碳(TOC)含量为2.23%的原土及经H2O2、375℃、600℃处理后所得的3种土样为吸附剂,通过批量平衡实验,考察了TOC含量、软碳、硬碳、初始液相PCE浓度c0等因素对PCE吸附解吸行为的影响.结果表明,当反应温度为16℃且c0为5~80 mg·L-1时,Freundlich方程能较好地拟合PCE在土样中的吸附及解吸等温线(r2>0.96);原土对PCE的吸附以土壤有机物(SOM)的贡献率(>60%)为主,且硬碳是其主要影响因素;原土中SOM与矿物质对PCE的解吸贡献率相当,但在SOM对PCE解吸的贡献率中,软碳占80%以上;硬碳对PCE的吸附贡献率以及软碳和矿物质的解吸贡献率随c0的增加而升高.PCE在4种土样中都表现出一定的吸附解吸异质性,且硬碳是导致原土异质性的主要原因.     

δ-MnO2/沸石纳米复合材料同时去除地下水中的铁锰氨氮

以天然沸石颗粒、高锰酸钾、硫酸锰为原料,通过常温氧化还原沉淀法制备δ-MnO_2/沸石纳米复合材料,用于同时去除地下水中铁锰氨氮.扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、Zeta电位、红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征负载锰氧化物和吸附离子的存在形态,探讨δ-MnO_2/沸石对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和NH_4~+-N的吸附机制.通过静态无/低氧水处理实验研究了δ-MnO_2/沸石对Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和NH_4~+-N的吸附性能.结果表明,沸石表面负载的锰氧化物为δ-MnO_2;复合材料对3种离子的吸附符合准二级动力学,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir模型,最大饱和吸附容量可分别达到215. 1、23. 6和7. 64mg·g-1;水中氨氮去除机制是沸石对NH_4~+的优先选择性离子交换吸附;水中Fe~(2+)和Mn~(2+)的去除是沸石颗粒表面负载δ-MnO_2的吸附和催化氧化作用.研究表明δ-MnO_2/沸石纳米复合材料可以作为一种高效吸附剂同时去除水中的Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和NH_4~+-N离子.     

Devising indicators of sustainable development for the mining and minerals industry: An analysis of critical background issues

The exact application of sustainable development in the mining and minerals industry has precipitated considerable debate in recent years. Since the publication of the Brundtland Commission's Report, Our Common Future, numerous explanations have been put forth in an attempt to define sustainable development in the mining and minerals context. Specifically, the inability of the Brundtland Report to outline an effective sustainability framework, combined with its contention that no single blueprint for sustainable development exists, has prompted a number of academics and practitioners to provide personal viewpoints on the application of sustainable development in the mining and minerals industry. This paper focuses on one aspect of the mining and minerals-sustainable development debate: the corporate perspective. It first uses the burgeoning body of literature to define sustainable development in the corporate mining context. Second, it addresses, against the background of this interpretation, many of the salient issues associated with developing a series of plausible Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) for use in the mining and minerals extraction industry. The paper clearly illustrates the difficulty in both arriving at a suitable working definition of sustainable development for an industry, and developing an acceptable set of universal standards for measuring environmental and socioeconomic performance.