空空导弹新研元器件振动试验条件探讨

空空导弹新研元器件是空空导弹重要组成部分,振动试验是考核新研元器环境适应性的一项重要环境试验,目前的问题是如何制定合理可行的新研元器件的振动试验条件。为了研究空空导弹新研元器件开展多个振动试验时是否存在过试验考核或者重复试验考核问题,对空空导弹新研元器件相关标准、规范及空空导弹要求的振动试验条件进行整理、归纳,对比分析了振动量级、振动时间,得出空空导弹新研元器件可以只按照有关标准、规范规定的振动试验条件考核其振动特性即可,可以不开展空空导弹要求的振动试验。     

散煤采暖清洁化替代方式的生命周期清单分析

从生命周期的角度出发,以1m²房屋每日的供热量为基准,对散煤采暖,电锅炉,低温空气源热泵,燃气壁挂炉,热电联产集中供热,燃气锅炉集中供热,洁净型煤等7种采暖方式的生命周期污染物排放和能源利用效率进行对比分析.结果发现：相比散煤取暖,清洁采暖方式可有效地降低大气污染物排放量,尤其是PM₁₀和PM_2.5.其中,以天然气为热源的燃气锅炉集中供热和燃气壁挂炉最为清洁,可减排SO₂和NO_x 85%左右,减排PM₁₀和PM_2.5 99%左右;洁净型煤和电锅炉的减排效率相对较低.低温空气源热泵和热电联产集中供热对能源利用效率最高,可达到80%以上,而电锅炉仅30%左右.此外,改善建筑围护结构保温性能可有效降低农村地区采暖的大气污染物排放.     

“一带一路”重点地区全要素能源效率-测算、分解及影响因素分析

将“一带一路¹”国内重点地区作为研究对象,从“一带”和“一路”角度分析重点地区全要素能源效率.遵循测算、分解及影响因素分析的研究路径,考虑水体和大气污染两方面的三种非期望产出,采用超效率SBM模型测算重点地区2005-2015年的全要素能源效率,以Malmquist指数分解全要素能源效率变动,通过Tobit模型对10种影响因素进行回归分析.研究发现：2005-2015年,“一带一路”重点地区全要素能源效率未见进步.以经济带划分的全要素能源效率存在差异,“一路”地区全要素能源效率最高,“一带一路”重点地区总体次之,“一带”地区最低,分别稳定在0.96,0.82和0.76的水平;大部分重点地区的Malmquist指数大于1,显示生产效率进步,可能存在“回弹效应”;经济发展、产业结构、对外开放和能源价格可以促进重点地区全要素能源效率提高,研究开发、政府干预、生产要素比没有带来正面影响,工业污染显示显著负影响.最终.     

西南山区典型河道型水库藻类功能群时空演替特征及其影响因素:以紫坪铺水库为例

为了解中国西南山区河道型水库——紫坪铺水库的藻种类的构成、演替及其影响因素,于2016年4月~2017年3月对紫坪铺水库8个点位进行采样分析,首次探索该区藻类生物量、藻类构成并进行藻类功能分组、分析环境因子与功能群之间的关系.结果表明,共检出藻类6门49属,其中绿藻门18属,硅藻门15属,裸藻门7属,蓝藻门6属,甲藻门2属,隐藻门1属,可分为21个功能群:B、C、D、F、G、H_1、J、L_0、L_M、M_P、N、P、S_2、T、W_1、W_2、X_1、X_2、X_3、Y、Z.紫坪铺库区一年内不同时期的藻类优势功能群存在明显差异,其中W_2、Y、L_0、W_1、M_P、B是紫坪铺水库的优势藻类功能群.该库区藻类C-R-S生长策略的季节演替过程中,R策略藻种长期占据优势地位,S与C策略藻种占优时间相对较少.紫坪铺库区2016年6月发生轻度水华,水华藻种为甲藻门多甲藻属,其功能群分组为L_0,生长策略为S型胁迫耐受者.藻密度、叶绿素a、水温、五日生化需氧量是主要的影响因子,其中水温的变化对藻类功能群演替影响程度最大.     

东北三省能源消费碳排放测度及影响因素

将扩展的Kaya恒等式与对数平均迪氏指数（LMDI）分解法相结合,以2005~2016年东北三省主要能源消费数据为研究对象,构建优化的碳排放分解模型,测度并分解其碳排放与碳排放强度.通过与中国同期能源消费碳排放的定量对比分析,考察各产业（部门）能源结构效应、能源强度效应、产业结构效应、经济产出效应和人口规模效应对东北三省能源消费碳排放的影响.结果显示：2005~2016年,东北三省碳排放总量占中国碳排放总量的8.84%,碳排放强度普遍高于中国碳排放强度.经济产出效应和人口规模效应对东北三省碳排放增长起拉动作用,其中经济产出效应贡献最大为188%,经济发展和城市化进程的加速不利于碳排放的降低.产业能源强度效应、能源结构效应及产业结构效应对东北三省碳排放增长起抑制作用,能源强度效应的抑制作用最大为59%,产业能源强度的调整空间较大.降低能源消耗强度,调整产业内部结构,完善经济政策体制是今后促进东北三省低碳经济发展的重要手段.     

Assessing the performance of motorcyclists’ impact protectors in simulated ATD knee and shoulder impacts

Objective: Fractures are a common injury among motorcycle riders and can have serious health implications. Impact protection (IP) has been designed to help prevent fractures, yet there are conflicting opinions as to whether this IP does in fact help prevent fractures in real-world crashes. This work aimed to (1) use simulated dummy impacts to examine whether existing types of IP could reduce the force transferred to the underlying bone to below fracture tolerance levels and (2) investigate whether current European Standard (EN 1621-1) test procedures for impact protectors designed for motorcyclists are sufficient to ensure fracture protection.

Method: Twenty-three shoulder and 7 knee IP specimens were tested using a 23-kg impactor contacting axially along the clavicle and femur of an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) at an energy level corresponding to the fracture tolerance of these bones. Sixteen IP specimens were the same as those worn by motorcycle riders involved in crashes where injury outcome was known (knee: n?=?3; shoulder: n?=?13) and the IP had been previously tested to EN 1621-1. Other IP tested represented a wide range of IP available for purchase at a motorcycle accessory store. Double and triple layers of IP were also tested. Energy attenuated during the dummy impacts was compared to energy attenuated when tested to EN 1621-1.

Results: Of the 23 shoulder IP tested, the average percentage reduction of transferred force to the shoulder from the baseline test was 7.6?±?4.8%. The percentage reduction of transferred force to the knee from the baseline was 43.9?±?7.5%. The entire group of knee IP tested reduced the transferred force to the knee to below the 10-kN injury threshold for the femur. There was a positive but nonsignificant correlation between the ATD test and the EN 1621-1 impact test performance, suggesting that the European standard test method likely provides a good indication of IP performance. However, given the low correlation coefficient, the relationship between IP performance in the European standard test method and injury protection remains unclear.

Conclusion: Though the energy attenuation test method in the European standard may be an appropriate approach, distinct differences in injury protection performance observed between knee and shoulder IP indicate that there may be a need for different performance criteria for IP designated to protect different body regions.     

基于能量理论的煤与瓦斯突出机理探讨

为研究煤与瓦斯突出的力学机理和能量来源,根据理想气体状态方程,推导了采场围岩瓦斯突出过程中的瓦斯压力、瓦斯含量与对外做功的关系,基于弹塑性力学,阐明了岩体弹塑性状态转化前后应变能释放机理。研究结果表明:煤与瓦斯突出是瓦斯势能与煤岩体弹性能共同作用并转化为煤岩体动能的结果;瓦斯势能释放值与释放路径无关,而与瓦斯压力和瓦斯含量相关,与煤壁前方塑性区扩展规模相关;将其应用至1次特大型煤与瓦斯突出事故中,核算的突出煤量、瓦斯含量和煤体抛出速度基本吻合于实际结果;基于理论分析提出了煤与瓦斯突出的3项防治措施,一是通过钻孔卸压或瓦斯抽放减小瓦斯压力,二是增加极限平衡区距离或减小截深,三是避免高瓦斯巷道或工作面出现蝶形塑性破坏。     

我国应急公共投入若干问题研究

为进一步提升我国应急公共投入对应急管理工作的保障作用,首先,通过查阅我国应急公共投入在筹集、管理、使用等环节中的数据,发现存在政府间责任不清、财政投入总量偏小、监督评价机制缺位等问题;其次,以习近平总书记关于应急管理的重要论述为指引,探讨构建“政府主导,责任共担,强化监管”的应急公共投入新机制;最后,针对上述问题,根据应急公共投入新机制,提出加强我国应急公共投入保障和管理的具体对策和建议。     

Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.     

Assessment of energy balance against the nutritional status of women carriers in the brickfields of West Bengal

The Indian brick industry is an unorganized sector in which large numbers of migrant women workers are employed. A survey was conducted on 62 women workers working in different brickfields of West Bengal to assess their physiological workload, nutritional profile, total energy expenditure and energy balance. Energy intake was calculated using physiological fuel values of carbohydrate, fat and protein. From the results it is seen that 13% of the sample population falls under severe (grade III) chronic energy deficiency. The average daily consumption of the workers was comparatively lower than their daily energy expenditure, considering the nature of the job which falls under heavy to extremely heavy categories. This negative energy balance is effectively observed in the nutritional anthropometry data. Thus, an immediate ergonomics intervention with better nutrition should be implemented to improve the health status of the workers so they can safely continue to work for a longer period.