北京城区河湖水系治理中的问题与建议

简要地回顾北京市近20年河湖水系治理历程中所取得的成就，分析存在的一些主要问题，根据对城区雨水径流非点源污染总量的粗略估算，指出城市雨水径流非点源污染是导致整治后的河湖水系水质恶化最主要的污染因素；结合发达国家对河湖水系治理的一些经验对北京市河湖水系的治理提出几点建议，以期为彻底治理河湖水系的污染提供新的思路，也可供其他城市在治理城市水系污染时参考。     

沸石床处理农田暴雨径流氮磷中试研究

对沸石床去除农田暴雨径流中氮磷进行了人工模拟中试研究。结果表明 ,沸石床对暴雨径流有较好的净化作用 ,系统水力负荷介于 0 2 4m3 /m2 ·d和 2 4m3 /m2 ·d之间时 ,暴雨径流中主要氮磷污染物的总去除率可达 :TN 4 5 % ,NH4 N 6 0 % ,NO3 N 2 0 % ,TP 38%。平均去除能力为TN 8 14g/m2 ·d ,NH4 N 3 6 4g/m2 ·d ,NO3 N 1 17g/m2 ·d ,TP 0 5 9g/m2 ·d。茭草床的效果明显好于芦苇床 ,植物床的效果明显好于空白对照床。系统在最大进水能力 31L/min下 ,对氨氮仍然能保持4 0 %以上的去除率     

降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置，研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响。研究证实，沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的人渗、延缓并减少地表径流．而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低。以3kg／hm^2PAM、3kgPAM与7．5t／hm^2沸石、6kg／hm^2 PAM3种方式处理，径流COD负荷为对照的39．12％-69．76％、26．14％-46．63％和20．60％-28.09％；TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44．36％-96．47％、66．63％-98．99％、93．71％-99．62％和50．46％～98．40％、83．30％～99．3l％、94．91％～99．72％和31．06％～77．23％、46．82％，86．22％、83．54％-95.33％。聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地袁降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段。     

城市旅游区暴雨径流污染过程中的不透水面效应

选取武汉市动物园4种典型的不透水面暴雨径流污染特征进行了系统的研究，以期为旅游区面源污染危害评价和治理提供基本的依据。结果表明，动物园4种不透水面初期径流污染物浓度很高，COD最大值达1140mg／L，下垫面类型及地表累积污染物是影响径流水质的主要因素。通过无量纲累积曲线的分析，表明旅游区不透水面径流初期冲刷严重，该曲线还为面源治理提供了重要的工程参数。     

Hydrogeomorphic considerations in development planning and stormwater management,central Texas Hill Country,USA

Watershed ordinances in Austin, Texas, USA, are intended to protect streams from stormwater degradation. Their adequacy is being questioned, however, where development is advancing into the Hill Country northwest and southwest of the city. Detailed investigation into hillslope runoff reveals that several important facts were overlooked in the ordinances, including locally high infiltration rates and drainage basins, which function as partial area systems. As a result, development planning is not taking advantage of the natural mitigation potential of the land. Roads cut across infiltration and moisture retention areas on side slopes, enlarging the partial area system feeding streams with stormflows. In addition, most residential planning is not responsive to the stepped microtopography of Hill Country drainage basins and the critical scale at which local runoff processes operate. Recommendations include adjusting the scale and configuration of development to conform with local runoff processes and features and taking advantage of the water-absorbing capacities of basin side slopes. The lesson for ordinance writers is that standard models of community stormwater ordinances are not appropriate for all terrains, especially complex ones like the Texas Hill Country.     

ESTIMATING DRAINAGE AREA ON STEEP UNIFORM SLOPES1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to derive a simple procedure for estimating the tributary drainage area that may potentially develop at the base of a uniformly graded, steep slope. Data were extracted from a nil development flume study in which 112 rills and their tributary drainage areas were documented. The tributary drainage area for each rill was correlated to the slope length and the slope gradient. The findings are considered applicable to planar, convex, and divergent slopes with lengths of up to 130 m. Field verification is needed to extend the applicability of the relation.     

CLIMATE,SNOW COVER,GLACIERS, AND RUNOFF IN THE TIEN SHAN,CENTRAL ASIA1

ABSTRACT: The Pica Shan, a mountainous region located on the northern periphery of central Asia, has a wide range of climatic and hydrological conditions. On the basis of long term data from 348 meteorological and glaciological stations, the annual distribution of precipitation in different regions and elevational zones of the Tien Shan was calculated. Major climatic features are the entrance of moisture during spring-summer, small winter precipitation, decrease of precipitation towards the east and the center of the mountains or with distance up valleys, and increase of precipitation with altitude up to crest-lines of ranges. Annual total evaporation from snow can be 50–60 mm per year, reaching 30 percent of snow accumulation. Four main groups of rivers were identified: rivers with mainly snow nourishment, rivers with mainly glacial nourishment, rivers with mainly rain nourishment, and rivers with mainly ground water nourishment. Coefficient of runoff variation in Tien Shan's rivers is about 0.20, and coefficient of glacial runoff variation is about 0.15. Glacial runoff is 15–20 percent of the total volume of river runoff.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFLUENCE OF SOIL FROST ON INFILTRATION AND EROSION OF SAGEBRUSH RANGELANDS1

ABSTRACT: Soil infiltration capacity and interrill erosion are significantly influenced by soil frost on western rangelands which are characterized by cold winters and numerous freeze-thaw cycles. However, little is known about the variable influence of this phenomenon. Infiltration and interrill erosion were measured within a sagebrush-grass plant community during the winter, spring, and summer of 1989. Significant spatial and temporal differences in infiltration capacity and interrill erosion were found for shrub coppice dune and dune interspace soils. Infiltration was generally higher for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils throughout the year. Infiltration capacity for both soils was lowest early in the year when the soil was frozen or saturated, then increased as the soil dried in the spring and summer. Interrill erosion was consistently lower for coppice dune soils compared to interspace soils. Erosion from interspace soils was greatest during a 19-day period in late winter characterized by diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, saturated surface soil conditions, and soil slaking.     

EFFECTS OF STORM PATTERNS ON RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS1

ABSTRACT: As an alternative to the conventional single-peak design storms commonly used in hydrologic practice, a large number of Southeastern Pennsylvania storm events were selected from hourly U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) records, and their temporal distributions were analyzed. From these recorded events, design storms of a typical distribution were developed for storm durations between 6 and 18 hours. All of these generated design storms have two or more peaks. The conventional single peak as well as the “typical” multi-peak storms were then applied to a simulated watershed. It was found that the multi-peak storms consistently produced more dispersed hydrographs with lower runoff peaks than the conventional single peak storms.     

MODELING WATER BALANCE WITH THE ERHYM MODEL ON SOUTH TEXAS RANGELANDS1

ABSTRACT: Understanding the hydrologic processes of rangeland plant communities is essential to determine if water augmentation through shrub management is feasible. Vegetation manipulation studies are costly, difficult to accurately replicate, and often require more than 10 years to determine treatment effect on the water budget. If properly applied, hydrologic simulation models are an attractive alternative for assessing vegetation manipulation practices. The ERHYM-II model was evaluated to determine if it was capable of simulating the water balance for honey mesquite shrub clusters, grass interspaces, and bare soil in south Texas. The simulated water budget was within 2 percent of the measured evapotranspiration for the shrub clusters and grass interspaces. The model underestimated the number of runoff events and overestimated runoff volume for the grass interspace and shrub clusters. Simulated runoff was overestimated by approximately twofold for the grass interspace and threefold for the shrub clusters. Although simulated runoff was substantially overestimated, observed and simulated runoff only accounted for 3 to 6 percent of annual rainfall for the grass and shrub dominated areas, respectively. Simulated evapotranspiration was underestimated by 18 percent and soil water content was overestimated by 82 percent for the bare soil. The model underestimated evapotranspiration for the bare soil as a result of restricting evaporative losses to the first soil layer. Based on our analysis, the ERHYM-II model has the potential for simulating the annual water balance for semiarid rangeland plant communities where runoff and deep drainage are limited components of the water balance.