Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation on arsenic (As) accumulation by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

under As stress, proper mechanisms are employed by AM fungi to protect tobacco against As uptake. Results confirm that AM fungi can play an important role in food quality and safety.     

生物除锰滤柱影响因素试验研究

生物除锰滤柱培养成熟后,通过改变试验用水pH值、进水浓度、亚铁离子等影响因素,得出以下结论（1）在铁锰细菌适宜的pH范围内,其对锰的氧化效率也随着pH的升高而提高。（2）在本实验条件下,进水锰浓度最高可以提高到3mg／L.（3）Fe^2＋对生物过滤除锰有明显的影响,在进水中不舍Fe^2＋的情况下,生物滤柱出水锰很快就会超标。     

江苏降水pH值的特征分析

研究江苏省降水pH值的分布特征。主要采用数理统计和对比分析等方法。江苏酸雨从北向南快速加重,出现酸雨的概率,徐州低于,淮安接近,南京和常州高于全省酸雨发生概率22.8%。年、月、旬、日平均pH值徐州、淮安、南京、常州之间有一部分相关,但大部分相关不明显。徐州的平均pH值随时间变化最不稳定,南京次之,淮安再次之,常州最稳定。在近10多年来降水过程中出现碱雨的概率约是酸雨的1.6~6.5倍。污染物的排放随时间变化虽然具有一定的区域性集中特征,但主要以局部变化为主;具有时间上相对集中的阶段性特征。环境污染物的排放量随时间变化徐州最不稳定,南京次之,淮安再次之,常州最稳定。看到江苏酸雨形势已相当严重的同时必须看到出现碱雨的频率约是酸雨的1.6~6.5倍,降水碱化问题是必须要重视的一个重要事实,应当引起人们的高度重视,加强其对环境影响的研究,提高污染物的综合治理水平。     

城市雨洪资源利用经济价值评价研究

对城市雨洪的合理利用,有助于城市防止内涝、减少灾害、改善水环境,同时能够解决城市水资源短缺,有助于实现水资源可持续利用。文章通过对西安市雨洪资源量的分析,建立了雨洪资源利用的经济效益评价指标,同时,通过分析雨洪资源的利用对国民经济的促进作用,构建了雨洪资源利用的经济价值评价模型,确定了1998～2007年西安市雨洪资源利用对国民经济的贡献量,为下一步建立系统动力学模型分析资源与经济的相互影响奠定了基础。同时,利用该模型测算出2007年西安市雨水利用量约为234万m3,2006年雨洪资源的合理利用推动GDP增长104607.9万元,2007年雨洪资源的合理利用推动GDP增长125787.2万元,但同时尚有76556.61万m3的雨洪资源未得到合理利用。     

安全价值观契合对矿工安全行为的影响:一个链式中介模型

为探索个人-组织安全价值观契合对矿工安全行为的影响机制,通过理论分析和文献研究提出研究假设模型;编制测量问卷,采用方便抽样法对640名矿工进行问卷调查;通过结构方程建模分析验证假设模型。结果表明:个人-组织安全价值观契合、安全自我效能感、工作投入和安全行为两两之间显著正相关;个人-组织安全价值观契合不仅直接影响矿工的安全行为,还通过安全自我效能感和工作投入间接影响矿工的安全行为;安全自我效能感和工作投入在个人-组织安全价值观契合与矿工安全行为之间起链式中介作用。因而不仅要重视个人-组织安全价值观契合,还应重视安全自我效能感和工作投入的积极影响。     

调节渗沥液pH回灌对厌氧填埋的影响

通过2组模拟厌氧填埋试验,研究了经过40d模拟降雨后将原渗沥液直接回灌和将原渗沥液pH值调节为7.5后进行回灌对填埋气、渗沥液生化指标、渗沥液生物毒性的影响.结果表明,模拟降雨阶段,垃圾迅速酸化,出流渗沥液pH值迅速降低为5.21.将原渗沥液直接回灌,填埋层内酸化环境进一步恶化.调节渗沥液pH值为7.5后回灌,垃圾迅速进入产CH4阶段,第80d时CH4含量达到64.8%并形成良好的甲烷氛围,同时对有机物也有很好的去除效果,至170d时渗沥液BOD5、COD去除率分别为93.5%、89.1%,但回灌后期出流渗沥液可生化性变差.同时随着回灌的进行,渗沥液的生物毒性大大降低,四膜虫24h半致死渗沥液浓度由0.24%增长为3.27%.     

Fractionation and solubility of cadmium in paddy soils amended with porous hydrated calcium silicate

Previous studies have shown that porous hydrated calcium silicate （PS） is very effective in decreasing cadmium （Cd） content in brown rice. However, it is unclear whether the PS influences cadmium transformation in soil. The present study examined the effect of PS on pH, cadmium transformation and cadmium solubility in Andosol and Alluvial soil, and also compared its effects with CaCO3, acidic porous hydrated calcium silicate （APS） and silica gel. Soil cadmium was operationally fractionationed into exchangeable （Exch）, bound to carbonates （Carb）, bound to iron and manganese oxides （FeMnOx）, bound to organic matters （OM） and residual （Res） fraction. Application of PS and CaCO3 at hig rates enhanced soil pH, while APS and silica gel did not obviously change soil pH. PS and CaCO3 also increased the FeMnOx-Cd in Andosol and Carb-Cd in Alluvial soil, thus reducing the Exch-Cd in the tested soils. However, PS was less effective than CaCO3 at the same application rate. Cadmium fractions in the two soils were not changed by the treatments of APS and silica gel. There were no obvious differences in the solubility of cadmium in soils treated with PS, APS, silica gel and CaCO3 except Andosol treated 2.0% CaCO3 at the same pH of soil-CaC12 suspensions. These findings suggested that the decrease of cadmium availability in soil was mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH caused by PS.     

Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils

An investigation was conducted on the effect of organic matter(OM)and pH on mercury(Hg)release from soils.Hg release flux was measured using the dynamic flux chamber(DFC)combined with the Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer in both laboratory experiment and field monitoring.The results showed that Hg emission from the OM-added soils was apparently low because of the high affinity of OM to Hg,resulting in the reverse order as the amount of OM addition.Meanwhile,Hg release flux from different pH value soils exhibited the same trend for both Hg~(2 )and Hg_2~(2 )treatment,increasing the Hg flux with pH value of soils increasing.The trend of Hg release in the pH dependence experiment has been well in agreement with that from the field test.In addition,Hg release seemed to be related to its species in the soil,the flux from Hg~(2 )-added soil was obviously higher than that of Hg_2~(2 )-added soil by the laboratory experiment.     

Two alternative modes for di use pollution control in Wuhan City Zoo

Pollution in urban zoos arises from diffuse and small point sources. However, its control has received little attention in past decades. Online and ofttine modes of ecological engineering technology were designed to control pollution from small point and diffuse sources in Wuhan City Zoo, China. Their characteristics and performances were investigated in sixteen runoff events from 2003 to 2005. The results showed that the two modes both improved runoff water quality and had high retention rates for water and pollutants. In the outflows, the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were reduced by 88%, 59%, 46% and 71% for the online mode, and those were 77%, 42%, 50% and 66% for the ofttine mode. The annual retention rates of pollutant loads for the online mode were 94.9%-98.5% in the three study years; those for the ofitine mode were 70.5%-86.4%. Based on calculation, the online mode was able to store the runoff of 66.7 mm rainfall completely, and the ofttine mode could store that of 31.3 mm rainfall. In addition, the online mode can provide an effective way for rainwater utilization and good habitats for aquatic wildlives, and has an excellent aesthetics value for recreationsal pastimes. The ofiline mode can save land resources and may be an effective and economical measure for diffuse pollution control in urban areas.     

Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process

The electrochemical reduction characteristics of carbon tetrachloride (CT) were investigated using cyclic voltammetry in this study. In addition, the difference in reduction mechanisms of CT between Master Builders' iron and the catalyzed Fe-Cu process was discussed. The results showed that CT was reduced directly on the surface of copper rather than by atomic hydrogen produced at the cathode in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The reduction was realized largely by atomic hydrogen in Master Builders' iron. The entire CT in 350 ml aqueous solution with 320 mgL was reduced to trichloromethane and dichloromethane in 2.25 h when 100 g of scrap iron with FeCu ratio of 10:1 (ww) were used. Moreover, the reduction rate slowed with time. CT could be reduced at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH from solution by Fe-Cu bimetallic media, but the mechanisms were di?erent. The degradation rate was not significantly in?uenced by pH in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process; in Master Builders' iron it clearly increased with decreasing pH. The kinetics of the reductions followed pseudo-first order in both cases. Furthermore, the reductions under acidic conditions proceeded faster than that under the neutral and alkaline conditions. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process was superior to Master Builders' iron in treating CT-containing water and this advantage was particularly noticeable under alkaline conditions. The reduction was investigated in the cathode (Cu) and anode (Fe) compartments respectively, the results showed that the direct reduction pathway played an important role in the reduction by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process is of practical value.