Are behavioural trade-offs all they seem? Counter-intuitive resolution of the conflict between two behaviours

The understanding of trade-offs between behaviours is fundamental to the study of animal behaviour. Individuals may often be faced with the choice of which of two mutually incompatible behaviours to perform. Here, I present a model investigating the trade-off between two behaviours, where one of the behaviours is crucial to the success of the other. I illustrate the results with examples, considering particularly a trade-off between territorial defence and courtship. I investigate how the ability of an individual to perform the behaviours changes the time or energy allocated to each behaviour. Intuition suggests that the time invested in performing a behaviour should decline as the individuals ability to perform the behaviour increases. Explicit, quantitative modelling suggests that this is not always the case. Instead, we see a pattern where investment in one of the behaviours at first increases and then decreases as the ability to perform the behaviour increases. This finding has implications for the empirical study of trade-offs between behaviours, since it could appear that individual ability has no effect on the trade-off under consideration. I discuss potential methods for distinguishing whether time allocation changes in a counter-intuitive, non-monotonic way with increasing individual ability, or whether there is indeed no effect.Communicated by C. St. Mary     

植物叶片相对吸硫量的研究及在绿化中的应用

为探索北京市本土植物对污染物硫的降解能力，从重度污染区(首钢邻山)、轻度污染区(北京植物园内山上)和对照区(北京周边数个森林公园)分别采集21种植物叶片，采用比浊法消解和定容、IRIS advantage型等离子体发射光谱仪测定其含硫量。分析不同程度污染区植物叶片的相对吸硫量。不同污染区绿化降硫时，考虑选用相应地带叶片净吸硫量大的植物类型。     

光合细菌乳酸代谢机制的初步研究

分离获得4株能利用乳酸作为唯一碳源分别进行好氧生长和厌氧生长的光合细菌菌株，对其无细胞抽提液进行透析和乳酸转化为丙酮酸能力的测定．结果表明，这4株光合细菌在好氧和厌氧条件下对乳酸的代谢机制是不同的．对筛选获得的高乳酸转化能力的S1菌株的进一步研究表明，黑暗好氧条件下，S1菌株的乳酸代谢能力与生长呈正相关关系；而光照厌氧条件下，乳酸代谢酶的合成滞后于生长．图5表1参10     

Foraging ability in the scorpionfly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panorpa vulgaris</Emphasis>: individual differences and heritability

According to indicator models of sexual selection, mates may obtain indirect, i.e. genetic, benefits from choosing partners indicating high overall genetic quality by honest signals. In the scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris, both sexes show mating preferences on the basis of the condition of the potential partners. Females prefer males that produce nuptial gifts (i.e. salivary secretions) during copulation, while males invest more nuptial gifts in females of high nutritional status. Both characters, males' ability to produce nuptial gifts and high nutritional status of females, are known to be reliable indicators of foraging ability. Thus, besides possible direct benefits, both sexes might also obtain indirect benefits in terms of “good foraging genes” by their choice and thereby increase the fitness of their offspring. A prerequisite for this possibility is the heritability of the respective trait. In the present study, we estimated the repeatability and the heritability of foraging ability. Our results indicate (1) a significant repeatability of individual foraging efficiencies in males and females and (2) a heritable component of this trait by a significant parent–offspring regression. These findings suggest that genetic benefits in terms of increased offspring foraging ability might contribute to selection for mating preferences in both sexes.     

Comparison of four supports for adsorption of reactive dyes by immobilized Aspergillus fumigatus beads

Four materials, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), sodium alginate (SA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and chitosan (CTS), were prepared as supports for entrapping fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The adsorption of synthetic dyes. Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R, and Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP, by these immobilized gel beads and plain gel beads was evaluated. The adsorption efficiencies of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by CTS immobilized beads were 89.1% and 93.5% in 12 h, respectively. The adsorption efficiency by Na-CMC immobilized beads was slightly lower than that of mycelial pellets. But the dye culture mediums were almost completely decolorized in 48 h using the above-mentioned two immobilized beads (exceeding 95%). The adsorption efficiency by SA immobilized beads exceeded 92% in 48 h. PVA-SA immobilized beads showed the lowest adsorption efficiency, which was 79.8% for Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and 92.5% for Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R in 48 h. Comparing the adsorption efficiency by plain gel beads, Na-CMC plain gel beads ranked next to CTS ones. SA and PVA-SA plain gel beads hardly had the ability of adsorbing dyes. Subsequently, the growth of mycelia in Na-CMC and SA immobilized beads were evaluated. The biomass increased continuously in 72 h. The adsorption capacity of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by Na-CMC immobilized beads was 78.0 and 86.7 mg/g, respectively. The SEM micrographs show that the surface structure of Na-CMC immobilized bead is loose and finely porous, which facilitates diffusion of the dyes.     

坚持深化教学改革努力培养应用型人才

本文从师资队伍建设、实验室建设、教学改革与管理、科技创新、毕业设计等五个方面，论述了如何加强专业建设，深化教学改革，提高教学质量，为社会培养厚基础、高素质、强能力、有特色的工程技术应用型人才。     

协同创新视角下资环专业研究生科技创新能力提升途径

资源循环科学与工程专业硕士毕业生存在规模小、科技创新能力不足、能力施展受限等问题,无法满足产业对高层次人才的需求。究其原因有:(1)新兴专业,其研究生导师队伍建设不健全,人才培养质量参差不齐;(2)交叉专业,其科技创新能力培养方向尚需融合凝练;(3)综合专业,其现有科研平台还不足以支撑学科发展,科技创新能力培养模式还没有完全形成。因此,本学科研究生培养单位应树立协同创新理念,坚持行业需求导向,充分挖掘办学特色和优势,凝练培养方向、完善以科技创新能力培养核心的研究生培养方案;加强师资队伍建设,建立健全科研平台;支持鼓励科技创新实践活动,做好学科前沿追踪;加强校校交流互动,提升硕士点认可度。     

南京市15种树木叶片对铅锌的吸收吸附能力

运用ICP仪对南京市15种主要绿化树木的叶片吸收吸附铅、锌的能力进行了研究。结果表明:15种树木叶片对铅、锌具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和树种的不同差异明显。在被研究的15个树种中,对铅吸收量较高的树种是雪松和圆柏,对锌吸收量较高的树种是杨树。对铅吸附能力强的树种是雪松,对锌吸附能力强的树种是海桐。叶片吸收和吸附铅的能力强的树种是雪松,叶片吸收和吸附锌的能力强的树种是杨树。最后,通过综合分析得出,杨树和雪松叶片中重金属铅和锌的累积量,可作为铅锌污染监测和评价的重要依据。     

防空导弹武器系统伪装能力综合评价研究

针对防空导弹武器系统的暴露特征,采用层次分析法,建立了防空导弹武器系统伪装能力多层次综合评价指标体系和综合评价模型,采用模糊聚类分析法对数据进行处理,得出各评价对象的综合评价结果。最后通过算例,验证了该模型的有效性。     

中药免疫增强剂抗肿瘤作用机理及物质基础

近年来,中药免疫增强剂的作用机理及物质基础逐渐被现代医学不断研究揭示.研究表明中药中的多糖类,苷类,黄酮类,挥发油类等成分能提高机体的免疫能力,能够明显增强免疫器官的重量,增强体液免疫和细胞免疫及促进机体产生细胞因子等作用.参31.