铜陵尾矿土壤重金属污染物的固定修复

化学固定法通过向土壤中添加一定的固定剂,降低重金属有效态含量达到修复土壤重金属污染的目的。利用石灰、炉渣和稻草作为土壤重金属固定剂,通过土壤与固定剂的混合来修复铜陵Cu、Cd、Zn污染土壤,分析石灰、炉渣和稻草对土壤有效态Cu、Cd、Zn的固定修复效率和土壤微生物代谢呼吸率的影响。结果表明:除石灰与炉渣单独使用时对Cu固定修复效率低,以及稻草单独使用对Cd与Zn的固定修复效率也较差外,固定剂能够显著的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),尤其石灰、煤渣和稻草的混合物能够最为高效的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量,固定修复效率分别为9428%、7810%和 9857%,同时还能显著提高土壤微生物的代谢呼吸率(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),增大微生物的活性。Pearson’s相关系数分析进一步表明在重金属污染的酸性土壤中,同时增加碱性物质和有机质含量能够较为高效地降低有效态重金属含量,增强土壤微生物抗重金属胁迫和毒性耐受能力,利于土壤的复垦再利用     

Model-based evaluation of controlled-release systems in the remediation of dissolved plumes in groundwater

Controlled-release, semi-passive reactive barrier systems have been recently developed as a long-term treatment option for controlling the spread of contaminant plumes in groundwater. This paper describes a new computer code, and applies it to study coupled processes of solute release, reaction, and mass transport in an in situ remediation scheme using the controlled release of potassium permanganate. Confidence with the modeling approach was developed by model verifications and simulating results of a pilot-scale test-cell experiment. Sensitivity analyses indicated the possibilities of treatment inefficiencies due to inability of transverse dispersion to mix the permanganate (MnO(4)(-)) within the zone of reaction, fluctuations in source strength due to variations in flow velocity, and the small length of treatment zone due to strong soil utilization of MnO(4)(-). Although problems associated with the fluctuating source strength and strong soil utilization can be addressed by optimizing the release rate, the inefficiency of transverse dispersion to create mixing could pose a serious limitation. Through a series of model simulations, a system of injection/withdrawal wells in a doublet arrangement was developed to facilitate lateral spreading and mixing of MnO(4)(-). A well-mixed, stable MnO(4)(-) zone with predetermined size (DxL=8m x 2m) and concentration ranges (1.5-20 mg l(-1)) was created by four 1-day injection/withdrawal pumping periods over 24 d. This type of mixing zone may persist for many years with periodic well mixing and replacements of exhausted controlled-release forms. Coupled use of the generalized code with field hydrologic data will help to optimize the design and operation of controlled-release systems in practice.     

Analysis of composite sampling data using the principle of maximum entropy

A new tool is presented based on the principle of maximum entropy for enhanced hot spot detection based on composite sampling with no (or minimal) requirement for composite breakdown. The methodology presented here is easy to implement and facilitates the use of multiple criteria for evaluating attainment of site remediation objectives. The new methodology provides very simple decision rules that can easily be used by non-statisticians and complements the use of composites for control of residual mean concentrations.     

Determining conditional stability constants for Pb complexation by carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CMCD)

Carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CMCD) has been proposed for remediation of metal-contaminated sediments. This research presents stability constants for CMCD-lead complexes, and demonstrates a rigorous methodology for estimating stability constants for metal-complexing agents. The conditional stability constant for the lead-CMCD aqueous complex was determined to be 10(5.18) with the 95% confidence interval ranging from 10(5.14) to 10(5.22). The best fit for experimental data was made by assuming a reaction between divalent CMCD(2-) and Pb(2+) and using the WATEQ activity coefficient formulation. The optimized value was derived from experimental data with the geochemical model PHREEQC coupled to UCODE_2005, a parameter optimization program. Like FITEQL, UCODE has a built-in option to optimize parameter values by minimizing the weighted sum of squared residuals (WSSR). However, our approach not only allows rapid, automatic optimization of the stability constant, but also allows determination of uncertainties in estimated parameter values and statistical analysis to assess the appropriateness of the conceptual model. The automation of the process allows testing of multiple conceptual models and the final values produced are internally consistent with the PHREEQC database. In this case five different conceptual models to describe the metal complexation and protonation reactions of CMCD were considered.     

Pulsed pumping process optimization using a potential flow model

A computational model is applied to the optimization of pulsed pumping systems for efficient in situ remediation of groundwater contaminants. In the pulsed pumping mode of operation, periodic rather than continuous pumping is used. During the pump-off or trapping phase, natural gradient flow transports contaminated groundwater into a treatment zone surrounding a line of injection and extraction wells that transect the contaminant plume. Prior to breakthrough of the contaminated water from the treatment zone, the wells are activated and the pump-on or treatment phase ensues, wherein extracted water is augmented to stimulate pollutant degradation and recirculated for a sufficient period of time to achieve mandated levels of contaminant removal. An important design consideration in pulsed pumping groundwater remediation systems is the pumping schedule adopted to best minimize operational costs for the well grid while still satisfying treatment requirements. Using an analytic two-dimensional potential flow model, optimal pumping frequencies and pumping event durations have been investigated for a set of model aquifer-well systems with different well spacings and well-line lengths, and varying aquifer physical properties. The results for homogeneous systems with greater than five wells and moderate to high pumping rates are reduced to a single, dimensionless correlation. Results for heterogeneous systems are presented graphically in terms of dimensionless parameters to serve as an efficient tool for initial design and selection of the pumping regimen best suited for pulsed pumping operation for a particular well configuration and extraction rate. In the absence of significant retardation or degradation during the pump-off phase, average pumping rates for pulsed operation were found to be greater than the continuous pumping rate required to prevent contaminant breakthrough.     

Phytoextraction of cadmium and zinc from arable soils amended with sewage sludge using Thlaspi caerulescens: development of a predictive model

The objectives of this study were to assess the potential for using Thlaspi caerulescens as a phytoextraction plant and develop a user-advice model, which can predict the frequency of phytoextraction operation required under prescribed conditions. Pot and field trials were conducted using soil collected from a dedicated sewage sludge disposal facility. Soil amendments (sulphuric acid, potassium chloride and EDTA) intended to increase Cd solubility were also tested. Predictive models of Cd and Zn uptake were developed which were able to reproduce the observed pH-dependence of Cd uptake with an apparent maximum around pH 6. Chemical treatments did not significantly increase the uptake of Cd. The periodic use of phytoextraction with T. caerulescens to maintain soils below statutory metal concentration limits, when modern sewage sludges are repeatedly applied, seems very attractive given the non-intrusive and cost-effective nature of the process. The major limitations lie with the large-scale husbandry of T. caerulescens.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术与其他技术联用的进展与前景

随着工业和经济的发展,土壤重金属污染越来越严重,因此重金属污染土壤的修复迫在眉睫。植物修复技术因其经济、环保等优点已经成为国内外研究的热点,但存在修复植物稀少的问题。将其他技术与植物修复技术联用可能是突破植物修复这一局限性的关键举措之一。介绍了基因工程技术与植物修复技术联用的研究进展;总结了微生物技术与植物修复技术联用中植物根际促生细菌、菌根真菌的作用;概述了材料化学技术联合植物修复的应用现状,着重介绍了土壤改良剂和螯合剂的实际应用。最后对基因工程、微生物、材料化学等技术联合植物修复技术在研究和应用中的未来方向进行了前景展望,旨在为植物修复技术发展提供更多新的思路和参考。     

两种修复模式下CAHs污染地下水的原位对照

为探究氯代脂肪烃（CAHs）污染地下水原位修复的长效性及环境的长期响应，选择华北某废弃化工厂污染区，开展了生物刺激、零价铁（ZVI）-生物刺激耦合中试对照试验，系统对比了2种修复模式下CAHs的降解效率及地下水生物化学参数的动态变化规律.结果表明，修复后长达4~5a内总CAHs含量均降至50 μg/L以下，耦合修复策略提高了CAHs的整体降解效率且未出现浓度反弹，同时可更快速地改善地下环境，为潜在降解菌的生长提供有利条件.两种修复方式对地下水细菌多样性的长期影响基本一致，均有利于向脱硫菌门Desulfobacterota和绿弯菌门Chloroflexi演化.最终生物刺激区总细菌数量高于耦合修复区约1个数量级，但后者地下水中的脱卤球菌属Dehalococcoidia数量（2.1~35）×10³copies/mL反而高于前者（8.3~9.1）×10³copies/mL，这更有利于CAHs的彻底脱氯.     

地表环境汞污染的生物修复技术及展望

汞（Hg）及其化合物是一类重要的全球污染物，环境中高浓度的汞会对生态系统和人类健康造成严重危害。《关于汞的水俣公约》正式生效后，汞生产量、使用量和排放量将得到有效控制。然而历史排放汞导致的污染问题依然会对自然环境造成长期的生态风险，因此在减排的同时也亟需开发、发展有效治理汞污染的方法。本文总结了汞污染生物修复的技术及应用原理，分析了基于生物修复原理运用合成生物学手段改造生物将其运用到汞污染修复的优势和潜力，最后探讨了汞污染合成生物学修复应重点关注的问题和前沿研究方向。