新中国成立至改革开放前我国应对海洋灾害的实践及启示

梳理和总结新中国初期我国应对海洋灾害的实践,有助于我们了解海洋灾害的应对措施并为当今提供借鉴。通过对我国海洋灾害史料的分析和总结,得知从新中国成立至改革开放前这一时期内,"防重于救"是我国应对海洋灾害的的主要指导思想,在海洋灾害预测预警、建设防护性工程、群众自救和政府辅以必要救济等方面发挥了重要作用,并为之后我国应对海洋灾害打下了一定基础。     

Fabrication of magnetic multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer composite for the selective and efficient removal of tetracyclines from water

• Magnetic multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer composite was synthesized. • MIP composite was used as the adsorbent for removal of tetracyclines from water. • MIP composite showed excellent adsorption selectivity toward tetracyclines. • MIP composite possessed good reusability. Antibiotic contamination of the water environment has attracted much attention from researchers because of their potential hazards to humans and ecosystems. In this study, a multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) modified mesoporous silica coated magnetic graphene oxide (MGO@MS@MIP) was prepared by the surface imprinting method via a sol-gel process and was used for the selective, efficient and simultaneous removal of tetracyclines (TCs), including doxycycline (DC), tetracycline (TC), chlorotetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) from water. The synthesized MIP composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption properties of MGO@MS@MIP for these TCs were characterized through adsorption kinetics, isotherms and selectivity tests. The MIP composite revealed larger adsorption quantities, excellent selectivity and rapid kinetics for these four tetracyclines. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic and followed the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The MGO@MS@MIP could specifically recognize DC, TC, CTC and OTC in the presence of some chemical analogs. In addition, the sorption capacity of the MIP composite did not decrease significantly after repeated application for at least five cycles. Thus, the prepared magnetic MIP composite has great potential to contribute to the effective separation and removal of tetracyclines from water.     

水分条件对生物炭钝化水稻土铅镉复合污染的影响

采用培养试验,探究30% WHC、淹水和干湿交替等3种水分条件下,向Pb和Cd污染水稻土以1%添加量施入水稻秸秆生物炭后重金属的形态变化,为生物炭修复重金属复合污染稻田的水分管理提供科学依据.结果表明,添加生物炭后,淹水和干湿交替可显著提高土壤pH值、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和无定形氧化铁含量（Fe_o）.培养结束后,在添加生物炭的处理中,相较于30% WHC,淹水和干湿交替条件下TCLP提取态Pb含量分别下降31.87%和20.33%,TCLP提取态Cd含量分别下降25.29%和16.07%.淹水条件下弱酸提取态Pb和Cd下降幅度分别为24.78%和20.14%,且弱酸提取态Cd含量随时间逐渐降低.在3种水分条件下,Pb和Cd有效性降低顺序为：淹水 > 干湿交替 > 30% WHC.相关分析结果显示,土壤pH和无定形氧化铁含量均与有效态Pb和Cd呈显著负相关,表明淹水条件下添加生物炭可通过提高土壤pH和无定型氧化铁含量来有效钝化Pb和Cd,具有促进复合重金属污染酸性水稻土中重金属向稳定态转化的协同机制.     

低浓度Ce3+对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性和胞外多聚物的影响

在间歇培养条件下,研究了低浓度Ce3 对启动驯化、稳定培养和酸化等不同状态对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度Ce3 可促进厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性;0.05mg·l-1Ce3 对稳定培养中的厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性促进作用最大,提高了14.29%,对酸化污泥促进作用较弱,低于5%,对启动驯化和再启动污泥有所抑制,抑制程度分别为7.67%和1.64%;驯化培养过程有利于污泥对稀土的适应.Ce3 的加入降低了启动驯化、稳定培养、严重酸化和再启动污泥的胞外多糖含量,有利于颗粒污泥的稳定性.Ce3 使驯化、稳定培养和再启动状态污泥的胞外核酸含量降低,而酸化污泥的胞外核酸含量升高,可用细胞膜通透性的改变解释.     

PDMDAAC阳离子膨润土处理染料废水的研究

采用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)对膨润土进行改性,制得阳离子膨润土,研究其电动特性及对染料废水的脱色效果．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的表面电性发生了变化;处理染料废水的效果明显提高,而且在强酸性和强碱性条件下对染料废水的脱色效果最好．     

含铝离子的聚硅酸絮凝剂研究

以硅酸钠、硫骏、硫酸铝为原料制备含右铝离子的聚硅酸絮凝剂(简称PSAA),试验它的絮凝特性及影响因素,并与聚合氯化铝(简称PAC)的絮凝效果进行比较。实验结果表明,铝离子的含量对PSAA的絮凝特性影响很大,当Al~(3+)/siO_2的摩尔比为1时絮凝效果最好,在pH=5—10的范围内,PSAA具有良好的絮凝效果。与PAC相比,PSAA具有絮凝效果好、价格低廉、适用的pH范围较宽等特点。     

Global sea-level rise is recognised, but flooding from anthropogenic land subsidence is ignored around northern Manila Bay, Philippines

Land subsidence resulting from excessive extraction of groundwater is particularly acute in East Asian countries. Some Philippine government sectors have begun to recognise that the sea-level rise of one to three millimetres per year due to global warming is a cause of worsening floods around Manila Bay, but are oblivious to, or ignore, the principal reason: excessive groundwater extraction is lowering the land surface by several centimetres to more than a decimetre per year. Such ignorance allows the government to treat flooding as a lesser problem that can be mitigated through large infrastructural projects that are both ineffective and vulnerable to corruption. Money would be better spent on preventing the subsidence by reducing groundwater pumping and moderating population growth and land use, but these approaches are politically and psychologically unacceptable. Even if groundwater use is greatly reduced and enlightened land-use practices are initiated, natural deltaic subsidence and global sea-level rise will continue to aggravate flooding, although at substantially lower rates.     

Upstream Addicks–Barker reservoir damages during Hurricane Harvey: A case study of urban hydrology and policy failure in Houston,TX

Addicks and Barker reservoirs were built in the 1940s to protect downtown Houston from flooding and have generally worked very well until 2017 when Hurricane Harvey devastated much of Houston and surroundings with up to 40 inches (102 cm) of rainfall causing flooding of 154,000 homes in over 22 watersheds in Houston/Harris County alone. However, the story of how Addicks and Barker flooded upstream residential areas from a hydrologic standpoint is a harsh lesson in flood infrastructure policy and funding. This failure to protect both downstream properties in Buffalo Bayou and upstream areas behind the dams ended up with tens of thousands of flooded homes and properties, with many having flood waters for over 10 days. This paper explores the main causes for the flooding and addresses the hydrologic issues upstream in both reservoirs. The main causes of flooding were not just related to a massive rainfall event, but also explosive urban expansion of land use upstream of reservoirs, altered and updated reservoir design issues, and lack of governmental action in the years leading up to the disaster. Potential long-term solutions to the flooding and design problems are addressed in this article as well.     

PCR技术在水体微生物检测中的应用

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术因其特异性强、灵敏度高以及快速简便等优点广泛应用于水体微生物的检测。综述了PCR技术的原理、方法及其在水体微生物检测中的研究进展。主要介绍了该技术应用于水环境中微生物病原体的检测、污水生物处理过程的监测与评价中的重要意义以及本实验室在该领域的研究进展。PCR技术为在分子水平上进行环境微生物的结构、多样性分析提供了有力的实验手段,有着广泛的应用前景。     

高效去除重金属的改性聚合物膜研究进展

概述了改性聚合物膜在重金属去除领域的应用及研究进展,介绍了表面改性、共混改性以及支撑层改性等改性方法。分析了改性聚合物膜表面或基体内部的官能团与功能材料对重金属去除效果的影响及主要作用机理。指出:支撑层改性可以有效提高膜基体孔内负载吸附剂的分散性进而提高重金属吸附量,但改性聚合物膜的稳定性有待进一步评估和提升。