地铁施工工人不安全行为关联规则研究

当前工人不安全行为研究多侧重从理论和方法的角度出发,而通过数据挖掘探究规律性方面的研究存在不足,因此,提出了地铁施工工人不安全行为关联规则研究。首先,构建关联规则挖掘数据库,以大量反映现场不安全行为的照片为数据来源。然后,利用Apriori算法,通过SPSS Modeler软件建模,以地铁车站施工机械操作人员为例介绍关联规则挖掘过程和结果。结果表明:机械操作人员存在有效强关联项为“开挖降水→挖土机作业时周围区域内有其余工人作业活动”。说明针对不同工种岗位的工人,在不同施工阶段存在易出现的不安全行为,可以有针对性地进行控制与管理,从而降低事故率。     

Post-evaluation of a water pollution control plan: methodology and case study

China has developed more than 20 water pollution control plans for river basins (RBWPs) since 1996. However, the implementation has generally lagged. This paper proposes a three-step, post-evaluation methodology to analyze the implementation result of a RBWP and its influential factors. First, a multi-attribute evaluation method based on an index system is established to score the enforcement results of a RBWP. Indicators measure how well a RBWP has achieved its objectives, which include water quality compliance, pollution load control, project construction, financial inputs, and related management requirements. Second, an interpretive structural model is used to detect the significant factors that affect RBWP implementation. This model can effectively analyze the cause-effect chain and hierarchical relationship among variables. Five groups of factors were identified, namely, plan preparation, water resource endowment, policy, institution, and management. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the third step to evaluate the extent to which these factors have influenced the execution result of a RBWP, including pre-post contrast, scenario analysis, and correlation analysis. This research then post-evaluated the implementation of the Huai River Basin water pollution control plans (H-RBWPs) over a period of 10 years as a case study. Results showed that the implementation of the H-RBWPs was unsatisfactory during 2001–2005, although it improved during 2006–2010. The poor execution of these plans was partially caused by the underestimation of regional economic development in combination with ineffective industrial structure adjustment policies. Therefore, this case study demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed post-evaluation methodology.     

Mitigating flood risk and enhancing community resilience to natural disasters: plan quality matters

In response to increasingly frequent and severe flooding events, tracking the explanatory elements of integrative planning effort can provide useful assessment of initiatives that foster improved community disaster resiliency. In this research, we address the effect of local hazard mitigation plan quality on mitigating disaster risk with an emphasis on the relationship between plan quality and community resilience. Using content analysis and principles of plan quality metrics, we evaluate local hazard mitigation plans to determine how well they support disaster risk reduction. Analytically, these metrics and relevant controls were incorporated into both a log-linear two-stage least squares model and a quantile regression model to explain flood loss at the county level for the US Mississippi River Basin. Findings suggest that better plan quality and high levels of community resilience result in reducing disaster losses.     

Evaluating institutional fit for the conservation of threatened species

Recovery and conservation of threatened species require adequate institutional responses. We tested an approach to systematically identify and measure how an institutional framework acknowledges threats and required responses for the recovery of endangered species. We measured institutional functional fit with a drivers-pressure-state-impacts-response (DPSIR) model integrated with a quantitative text mining method and qualitative analysis of statutory instruments to examine regulatory responses that support the recovery of 2 endangered species native to Australia, the bridled nailtail wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata) and the Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus). The key components of the DPSIR model were present in the institutional framework at statutory and operational levels, but some institutional gaps remained in the protection and recovery of the Eastern Bristlebird, including feral predator control, weed control, and grazing management in some locations. However, regulatory frameworks varied in their geographic scope and the application and implementation of many instruments remained optional. Quantitative text mining can be used to quickly navigate a large volume of regulatory documents, but challenges remain in selection of terms, queries of co-occurrence, and interpretation of word frequency counts. To inform policy, we recommend that quantitative assessments of institutional fit be complemented with qualitative analysis and interpreted in light of the sociopolitical and institutional context.     

战略环境评价与项目环境影响评价

阐述了战略环境评价（SEA）的概念,论述了SEA产生的原因是单个项目环境影响评价（EIA）的局限性和实行可持续发展战略的要求：通过分析SEA与EIA之间的层次关系,相似之处与不同之处,说明了SEA在程序上和方法上的显著特点。指出了开展SEA研究和应用的迫切性与重要意义。     

高效离子色谱柱后衍生法测定环境水体中过渡金属离子含量

建立了可同时分析饮用水中铁、铜、镍、锌、钴、镉、锰等过渡金属离子的方法。优化后的离子色谱条件:选用 Dionex IonPac CS5A色谱柱(4 mm×250 mm),以7.0 mmol/L 吡啶-2,6-二羧酸＋66 mmol/L KOH＋74 mmol/L HCOOH＋5.6 mmol/L K₂SO₄为淋洗液,流速为1.2 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃;以0.5 mmol/L 4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚＋1.0 mol/L 2-二甲醇胺＋0.5 mol/L氨水＋0.3 mol/L NaHCO₃为衍生液,流速为0.7 mL/min,紫外检测器波长为520 nm。结果表明,该离子色谱柱对以上过渡金属具有很好的保留和分离效果,衍生后的紫外检测手段具有优异的灵敏度和选择性。该方法稳定性良好,连续进样5针的相对标准偏差均小于0.79%;标准曲线线性关系良好,r≥0.998 8;方法检出限低,Fe³⁺为0.8 μg/L,Fe²⁺为4 μg/L,Cu²⁺为0.8 μg/L,Ni²⁺为3 μg/L,Zn²⁺为2 μg/L,Co²⁺为0.9 μg/L,Cd²⁺为16 μg/L,Mn²⁺为6 μg/L;检测结果准确,低、中、高3个水平的加标回收率均大于91.5%。该方法适用于环境水体中过渡金属离子的定量分析。     

城市污水水解-厌氧-微氧联合处理工艺

采用水解 -厌氧 -微氧联合处理工艺处理城市污水的研究结果表明 :在总 HRT不超过 8.5h(水解 2.5h、厌氧 4.0h、微氧2.0 h) ,平均温度为 19℃ ,进水COD浓度为300±50 mg/L时 ,总 COD和 SS的去除率分别可达75%和80%以上 .总出水COD、BOD、SS完全达到国家二级排放标准 .微氧单元对厌氧出水中残余有机物去除效果良好 ,HRT不超过 2h,DO控制在 0.2 mg/L～0.5mg/L左右 ,进水为150mg/L时 ,去除率可达 53%以上 .微氧污泥沉降性能良好 ,SVI=38.8ml/g.水解 -厌氧 -微氧工艺在突出低能耗的前提下 ,达到了较高的有机物去除率 ,与现有的城市污水处理工艺相比有一定的优越性 .     

灾后重建土地利用规划管理机制与实施对策研究

分析评价了灾后重建土地利用规划的管理机制与实施对策。研究结果表明,为了确保减灾防灾目标的实现,有效抗御地震灾害,灾后重建应对土地利用进行科学的管理和规划,建立预防机制,从源头上消除安全隐患;提高工程建设安全标准,加强建筑质量安全监管;要有切实可行的规划实施对策和措施,确保规划目标的贯彻落实。国家应给予灾后重建特殊的政策支持,以人为本,科学规划,切实加强与灾后重建各相关规划相协调;从严控制新增建设用地,严格保护耕地,节约和集约利用耕地,搞好灾毁土地的整理与复垦。     

Chest injuries of elderly postmortem human surrogates (PMHSs) under seat belt and airbag loading in frontal sled impacts: Comparison to matching THOR tests

Abstract

Objective: The goal of the study was to develop experimental chest loading conditions that would cause up to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2 chest injuries in elderly occupants in moderate-speed frontal crashes. The new set of experimental data was also intended to be used in the benchmark of existing thoracic injury criteria in lower-speed collision conditions.

Methods: Six male elderly (age >63) postmortem human subjects (PMHS) were exposed to a 35?km/h (nominal) frontal sled impact. The test fixture consisted of a rigid seat, rigid footrest, and cable seat back. Two restraint conditions (A and B) were compared. Occupants were restrained by a force-limited (2.5?kN [A] and 2?kN [B]) seat belt and a preinflated (16?kPa [A] and 11?kPa [B]; airbag). Condition B also incorporated increased seat friction. Matching sled tests were carried out with the THOR-M dummy. Infra-red telescoping rod for the assessment of chest compression (IRTRACC) readings were used to compute chest injury risk. PMHSs were exposed to a posttest injury assessment. Tests were carried out in 2 stages, using the outcome of the first one combined with a parametric study using the THUMS model to adjust the test conditions in the second. All procedures were approved by the relevant ethics board.

Results: Restraint condition A resulted in an unexpected high number of rib fractures (fx; 10, 14, 15 fx). Under condition B, the adjustment of the relative airbag/occupant position combined with a lower airbag pressure and lower seat belt load limit resulted in a reduced pelvic excursion (85 vs. 110?mm), increased torso pitch and a substantially lower number of rib fractures (1, 0, 4 fx) as intended.

Conclusions: The predicted risk of rib fractures provided by the THOR dummy using the C_max and PC Score injury criteria were lower than the actual injuries observed in the PMHS tests (especially in restraint condition A). However, the THOR dummy was capable of discriminating between the 2 restraint scenarios. Similar results were obtained in the parametric study with the THUMS model.     

脱硫工程项目后评估体系的研究

在论述脱硫工程项目后评估概念和特点的基础上,对后评估的主要内容和方法进行了深入的研究,认为脱硫工程项目的后评估在整个电厂建设后评估工作中占有非常重要的地位,需要在实践中不断总结、完善,建立更加符合国情的后评估理论和方法体系。