Spain's greatest and most recent mine disaster

On 25 April 1998, the mineral waste retaining wall at the Swedish-owned pyrite mine at Aznalcóllar (Seville, Spain) burst, causing the most harmful environmental and socio-economic disaster in the history of the River Guadiamar basin. The damage was so great that the regional government decided in May 1998 to finance a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research initiative with the objective of eradicating or at least minimising all of the negative social, economic and environmental impacts. This paper utilises a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis to identify eight strategic measures aimed at providing policymakers with key guidelines on implementing a sustainable development model, in a broad sense. Empirical evidence, though, reveals that, to date, major efforts to tackle the negative impacts have centred on environmental concerns and that the socio-economic consequences have not been completely mitigated.     

保留带与造林带的小气候和水分比较研究

比较分析了保留带与造林带的小气候和水分效应结果显示：①保留带的日均温比造林带低0．6～2．6℃，每天13：00时两带温差最大；保留带的月均温比造林带低0．5～2．2℃，两带6～8月的月均温差最大．②保留带的日均温度比造林带高10～15％，每天13：00时两带湿度相差最大；保留带的月均湿度比造林带高8．3～15．5％，两带6～8月的月均湿度相差最大．③造林带的光明强度是保留带的30～50倍，是未砍带的43～58倍．保留带和造林带不同位点的光照强度随一天中时刻的变化而发生更替．④保留带灌丛对降雨的拦截率为22．61％～64．15％．⑤保留带与造林带和未砍带土壤的自然含水率差异主要出现在0～10cm的表土层，且雨季的差异大十旱季的差异在雨季，保留带土壤的含水宰大于造林带的含水率，在旱季则相反．     

江汉平原农地保护的外部效益研究

农地保护外部效益的货币化计量可为缓解我国农地流失形势，制定及实施农地生态保护政策，探寻农地保护和经济发展的均衡点提供理论及决策依据。运用条件价值评估法估算江汉平原农地保护的外部效益，研究表明：①随着农地保护意识的增强，受访居民已意识到农地外部效益的存在，8550%的受访居民对农地有正的支付意愿；受访居民的性别、年龄、家庭人口(老年人口、参加工作人口)、经济状况(土地面积、月生活开支、职业)等特征对支付意愿有显著影响。②江汉平原农地保护的年均总支付意愿达2805×108元，折合单位农地的保护效益为48 658元/hm2；区内现有农地目前无法通过市场价格表现的外部效益约1 24682×108元，具有无法忽略的重要地位。     

青海湖硅藻组合及其季节变化——来自沉积物捕获器的初步研究

通过对青海湖捕获器中2010年7月至2011年10月份沉积物样品与青海湖湖岸7个地点表层样品的分析,获得青海湖现代硅藻组合及季节变化特征。捕获器沉积物样品中共鉴定出硅藻2纲32属56种,主要为咸水种与微咸水种。其中,优势种为Berkeleya rutilans、Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta、Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana和Nitzschia inconspicua,此四种占总数的82%以上。硅藻组合变化具显著的季节性差异,冬季主要以浮游种Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana占优势;非冰封期则以附生种Berkeleya rutilans、Nitzschia inconspicua与Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta占优势。青海湖湖水具有高碱度,硅藻的保存率不高,其保存率具有夏季高、冬季低的季节性变化,但这不是造成硅藻组合显著季节性变化的主要原因,其季节性变化主要取决于水生植物的生长与湖区冰情。     

保存温度及时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过改变保存温度和时间,研究了厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的变化规律以及污泥活性恢复能力.结果表明,保存温度、时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性影响显著.常温(15±2)℃、低温(5±2)℃对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性影响较小,而中温(30±2)℃、冷冻(-20±2)℃都会使其活性大幅降低,甚至消失.在保存的前30d厌氧氨氧化污泥活性迅速下降,然后趋于缓慢.根据衰减指数模型推出常温状态下衰减指数为0.0324,相对于其他温度最小.并根据保存温度、时间对其影响的特点提出了合适的保存方法,使得厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性能够在较短时间内得到恢复.     

Temporal limitations in the use of potassium dichromate as a blood preservative for the analysis of organohalogenated contaminants including polybrominated diphenyl ethers,dioxins and PCBs

Previous studies described the use of potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) to successfully preserve whole blood for up to 34 days at room temperature (20–22°C) for analysis of chlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans and PCBs. Potassium dichromate has been successfully employed as a preservative for cows’ milk and in a World Health Organization study of human milk. The use of two 100?mg tablets in 40 to 100?mL of whole blood in anticoagulant was found to provide almost identical levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs and lipids as found in frozen comparison blood at??70°C which is generally regarded as the gold standard for blood preservation. Potassium dichromate was found to be preferable to 20 and 40% ethyl alcohol for this preservation. This finding opens opportunities for preservation under field conditions in developing countries where neither electricity nor dry ice is available. Not having to use dry ice for shipping also allows more flexibility in the choice of commercial carriers for transporting blood to an analytical laboratory. It is recommended considering a number of compounds in addition to those studied in our first report and extending the time beyond 34 days in order to determine if longer storage might also be feasible. Data on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are reported. For the present study 3 and 6 months were chosen in potassium dichromate at room temperature compared to freezing at ?70°C. Data indicate that these times exceed the limits of efficacy of potassium dichromate for whole blood preservation. This was attributed to degradation of the lipid component of the blood. Since dioxins and closely related structural analogues are traditionally reported as lipid normalized blood levels, this degradation of lipids provides erroneous results. Therefore, potassium dichromate is not recommended for long-term storage beyond 34 days at room temperature. It is planned to study the time period between one and three months and higher temperature preservation for shorter time periods, simulating conditions in tropical countries, to attempt to extend further the ease and convenience of chemical preservation of blood.     

Full scale amendment of a contaminated wood impregnation site with iron water treatment residues

Iron water treatment residues are a free by-product with high concentration of iron oxides Iron water treatment residues has a large potential for arsenic sorption Soils are highly contaminated by arsenic at wood preservation sites Iron water treatment residues were added to hot spots contaminated with arsenic The addition led to significant decrease in leaching of arsenic from the contaminated soil Iron water treatment residues (Fe-WTR) are a free by-product of the treatment of drinking water with high concentration of iron oxides and potential for arsenic sorption. This paper aims at applying Fe-WTR to a contaminated site, measuring the reduction in contaminant leaching, and discussing the design of delivery and mixing strategy for soil stabilization at field scale and present a cost-effective method of soil mixing by common contractor machinery. Soil contaminated by As, Cr, and Cu at an abandoned wood impregnation site was amended with 0.22% (dw) Fe-WTR. To evaluate the full scale amendment a 100 m² test site and a control site (without amendment) were monitored for 14 months. Also soil analysis of Fe to evaluate the degree of soil and Fe-WTR mixing was done. Stabilization with Fe-WTR had a significant effect on leachable contaminants, reducing pore water As by 93%, Cu by 91% and Cr by 95% in the upper samplers. Dosage and mixing of Fe-WTR in the soil proved to be difficult in the deeper part of the field, and pore water concentrations of arsenic was generally higher. Despite water logged conditions no increase in dissolved iron or arsenic was observed in the amended soil. Our field scale amendment of contaminated soil was overall successful in decreasing leaching of As, Cr and Cu. With minor improvements in the mixing and delivery strategy, this stabilization method is suggested for use in cases, where leaching of Cu, Cr and As constitutes a risk for groundwater and freshwater.     

铁岭柴河水库水源涵养区环境问题及控制对策

简述了柴河水库水源涵养对保护水源水质、改善水质的作用;针对柴河水库水源涵养区氮磷污染、面源污染和生态破坏等存在的主要环境问题,提出了可操作性较强的保护措施。     

球衣菌属的研究概况

球衣菌是一种具有典型鞘结构的丝状细菌 ,广泛存在于活性污泥以及受污染的水体中。介绍了该菌的形态结构、生理生化特征等生物学特性、分离纯化和保藏方法及其在环保上的应用     

长期保藏对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮性能的影响

主要目的是开发经济有效的ANAMMOX污泥保藏技术。把厌氧氨氧化污泥在30℃、自然环境、5℃和-20℃下分别保藏15、30、45、150和365 d。结果表明,保藏后的厌氧氨氧化污泥对底物的转化比都不是典型的ANAMMOX反应计量比。通过物料衡算,保藏后的污泥都具有不同程度的硝化能力。冷冻(-20℃)保藏不但运行费用高,而且使污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性丧失。厌氧氨氧化污泥在5℃保藏后的剩余活性高于同期30℃保藏的污泥。但短期(≤45 d)内,厌氧氨氧化污泥在自然环境(春、秋和冬季)中避光缺氧保藏是较经济有效的方法。