超声震荡提取技术的应用

超声波辅助萃取是近年来在样品预处理中受到广泛关注的新技术,与其它萃取方法如索氏萃取、微波辅助萃取和超临界流体萃取比较,它在很多方面都显示出极大的优越性,但其应用目前还较少。文章介绍了超声波辅助萃取技术的原理、特点、应用及其进展,并展望了超声波技术在环境保护领域的应用前景。     

矿物质组分对低品质生物质热解过程的影响

通过酸洗脱除低品质生物质（鸡粪与猪粪）中的矿物质组分,并使用热重分析仪对酸洗前后样品的热解行为进行了研究.结果表明,由于两种农林废物的有机组成和矿物质含量不同,导致其热解行为差异较大.鸡粪中含有大量的CaCO3,其在高温下分解放出CO2,并与鸡粪半焦中的碳发生气化反应.酸洗不但改变了禽畜粪便中矿物质的含量,而且改变了该...     

基于微波-过氧化氢-碱预处理的污泥水解影响因素

预处理能有效提高污泥的碳源利用效果.本研究通过批量试验,考察了经过微波-过氧化氢-碱(MW-H2O2-OH)预处理后的污泥水解的影响因素,包括水解时间、接种比例和温度,并考察了优化条件下的污泥水解效果及其有机物特征.结果表明,预处理后的污泥优化水解时间为12 h,优化接种比例I/S为0.07.在此优化条件下(12 h,I/S为0.07),SCOD(溶解性COD)、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性糖类、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的含量均随着温度的升高而增加,在65℃时达到最大.VFA的主要组分均为乙酸、丙酸和异戊酸,其中乙酸所占比例为42.7%~59.7%.在碳源组成方面,SCOD占污泥TCOD(混合液总COD)的37.8%~40.8%,其中溶解性蛋白质占SCOD的38.3%~41.3%,溶解性糖类占SCOD的9.0%~9.3%,VFA占总SCOD的3.3%~5.5%.污泥上清液中的COD/TN为15.79~16.50.三维荧光光谱和有机物表观分子质量分布的分析结果表明,污泥上清液中以溶解性微生物产物类酪氨酸荧光强度最强,并且荧光强度随着水解温度的升高而增强;经过MW-H2O2-OH预处理后,有机物大量释放,其中包括Mr100~350的小分子有机物,而经过水解后,Mr3 000~60 000的有机物得到降解.     

超声波对污泥蚯蚓堆肥有机质和重金属的影响

联合超声波破解技术、好氧堆肥技术及蚯蚓处理技术,对污水处理厂剩余污泥进行处理,探讨超声波预处理对污泥蚯蚓堆肥有机质降解和重金属的影响.结果表明：超声波预处理技术对污泥腐殖化程度表现出协同效应,最优TOC反应动力学常数为0.0084d-1,是对照组的2.1倍;胡敏酸和HA/FA平均增长率分别为97.4%和191.5%,是对照组的1.26倍和1.37倍;可轻度减少污泥堆体重金属含量,同时对蚯蚓处理阶段重金属富集存在缓减效应,但对各阶段重金属形态影响不显著;蚯蚓处理可明显降低重金属生物有效性,至处理结束Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd、Cr、Hg、As非稳定态平均占比较好氧堆肥结束时下降28.3%、29.5%、29.1%、35.2%、3.3%、25.3%、36.4%、21.9%.     

空气中BTEX检测方法研究进展

BTEX（苯系物）作为空气中的一种痕量组分,主要包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯、邻二甲苯,这些物质可影响人体健康和环境空气质量.分析和探讨了环境空气中BTEX常用的采样、前处理和检测方法,并列举了各方法的国内外应用实例.BTEX采样方法主要包括以下2种:①吸附管采样法,其采样器体积小、便于携带,但易造成穿透现象,样品易损失.②空气采样法,其操作简单、重复使用率高,但清洗复杂、价格较高.BTEX前处理方法主要包括以下3种:①固相微萃取法,其可减少样品与空气接触的机会,自动化程度较高,但难以实现样品的多次分析.②溶剂解析法,因其对环境影响较大,所以应用较少.③热脱附法,其常采用二级热脱附实现样品富集和浓缩,操作过程简单,设备体积相对较大,其升温和降温系统是影响前处理速度和效果的关键.BTEX检测方法主要包括:①质子转移反应质谱法,其灵敏度高,但因其价格昂贵应用较少.②气相色谱-光离子化检测法,其设备体积小巧常用于外场监测中.③差分吸收光谱法、直接空气进样质谱法、低压化学电离质谱法、大气压化学电离质谱法、固相微萃取-气相色谱法、吸附/热脱附-气相色谱-火焰离子检测法/质谱检测法等.研究显示,空气中BTEX的分析方法应根据实际应用条件来确定,在保证分析仪器灵敏度和精确度的基础上,开发外场检测的便携式自动在线分析仪器,提高仪器便携性、自动化、智能化,更好地满足各项标准和部门管理的需求.      

Effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste for accelerating biogas generation during simulated landfilling

Effect of aerobic pretreatment of MSW on landfill gas generation was investigated. Volatile solid (VS) loss of MSW is an effective and comparable indicator. Chinese MSW requires at least a reduction of VS about 27% (w/w) prior to disposal. Aerobic pretreatment of MSW reduced lag phase more than 90% before methanogenesis. Aerobic pretreatment degree influences quantity of gas generation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation. Aerobic pretreatment degree (APD) was determined on the basis of reduction in volatile solids (VS) on a wet weight basis. In this study, intermittent aeration (IA) was applied to three reactors as a main aeration mode; since a single reactor was operated under continuous aeration mode. However, the purpose of the experiment was to reduce VS content of waste, irrespective of the comparison between aeration modes. Fresh MSW was first pretreated aerobically with different aeration rates (10, 40, 60 and 85 L/min/m³) for the period of 30–50 days, resulting in VS-loss equivalent to 20%, 27%, 38% and 53% on w/w basis for the wastes A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. The cumulative biogas production, calculated based on the modified Gompertz model were 384, 195, 353, 215, and 114 L/kg VS for the wastes A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Untreated waste (A0) showed a long lag phase; whereas the lag phases of pretreated MSW were reduced by more than 90%. Aerobically pretreated wastes reached stable methanogenic phase within 41 days compared to 418 days for untreated waste. The waste mass decreased by about 8% to 27% compared to untreated MSW, indicative that even more MSW could be placed in the same landfill. The study confirmed the effectiveness of aerobic pretreatment of MSW prior to landfilling on reducing lag phase and accelerating biogas generation.     

水热/臭氧预处理促进餐厨垃圾中典型废弃油脂厌氧发酵产甲烷

为了缓解餐厨垃圾中大量未降解油脂包覆微生物,对厌氧发酵产生严重抑制的问题,本文采用水热或臭氧预处理有效降解油脂,预处理进行厌氧发酵.扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换-红外光谱分析表明,经过水热或臭氧预处理后,厌氧发酵过程油脂降解程度提高.经过臭氧预处理的火锅废油厌氧发酵甲烷产率提升至（854.20±10.28） mL·g^-1（每克有机质干重所产生的甲烷量,以毫升计,下同）,在第20 d达到产甲烷速率峰值（122.06±3.46） mL·g^-1·d^-1,较之未处理组达到甲烷峰值速率的时间缩短4 d,甲烷产率提升17.4%.总体能量转化效率由未经预处理的64.88%提升到臭氧预处理后的76.18%,说明臭氧或水热预处理可以促进油脂的降解,并且提高产甲烷菌对底物的利用从而提高发酵产甲烷的效率,从而在一定程度上缓解目前工业生产中存在的油脂难以降解以及包裹厌氧微生物的问题.     

电场预处理强化微藻处理猪场废水的效果优化研究

近年来,基于微藻的废水处理技术受到越来越多的关注,但猪场废水所具有的高色、高浊、高盐等水质特点限制了微藻的处理效果和生长情况.为解决该问题,本研究考虑采用电场处理技术与微藻废水处理相结合的思路,对猪场废水厌氧消化出水进行深度处理.先比较4种不同阳极材料（石墨、铝、不锈钢、钛）的废水预处理效果,再进一步考察各组电场预处理对后续微藻废水处理效果和生长情况的影响.结果表明：不锈钢组和铝组对色度和浊度均表现出了较好的去除效果（92.44%和83.72%;99.83%和99.74%）.此外,经电场预处理后的微藻废水处理效果和生长情况均有明显的提升,其中不锈钢组和铝组最终生物量分别达到2.22、1.89 g·L^-1,远高于对照的原水组.而不锈钢组和铝组中的叶绿素a含量浓度分别增至接种时的11.48倍和9.89倍.这说明将电场预处理与微藻废水处理相结合,可以有效提高污染物去除效果,同时获得更大的有价生物质资源的产量,实现更好的技术经济性和可行性,为该工艺的推广应用提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

低温条件下生物陶粒反应器运行特性研究

针对官厅水库下游三家店水库水源进行生物陶粒预处理的现场试验,研究低温条件下生物陶粒反应器的运行效果及其特性.结果表明:当水温从10℃下降到0.5℃时,生物陶粒反应器对COD_Mn的去除率从20%左右下降到6%左右,氨氮的去除率从90%下降到65%.随温度降低生物陶粒反应器去除污染物的效果下降主要是由于微生物活性随温度的降低而下降造成的,陶粒表面的微生物量随温度的降低而减少,但是受影响的程度比活性小得多.陶粒表面的微生物活性与微生物量沿水流方向呈明显的下降趋势.     

Characterization of value-added chemicals derived from the thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation of sewage sludge

• Hydrothermal treatment can greatly improve resource recovery from sewage sludge. • tCOD removal during WO was ~55% compared with ~23% after TH. • TOC solubilization during hydrothermal treatment followed first-order kinetics. • Solids and carbon balance confirmed loss of organics during thermal hydrolysis. • Reaction pathways for thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation are proposed. We evaluated the effect of hydrothermal pretreatments, i.e., thermal hydrolysis (TH) and wet oxidation (WO) on sewage sludge to promote resource recovery. The hydrothermal processes were performed under mild temperature conditions (140°C–180°C) in a high pressure reactor. The reaction in acidic environment (pH= 3.3) suppressed the formation of the color imparting undesirable Maillard’s compounds. The oxidative conditions resulted in higher volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (~90%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (~55%) whereas TH caused VSS and COD removals of ~65% and ~27%, respectively at a temperature of 180°C. During TH, the concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins in treated sludge were 400–1000 mg/L and 1500–2500 mg/L, respectively. Whereas, WO resulted in solids solubilization followed by oxidative degradation of organics into smaller molecular weight carboxylic acids such as acetic acid (~400–500 mg/L). Based on sludge transformation products generated during the hydrothermal pretreatments, simplified reaction pathways are predicted. Finally, the application of macromolecules (such as proteins), VFAs and nutrients present in the treated sludge are also discussed. The future study should focus on the development of economic recovery methods for various value-added compounds.