基于碳减排成本的我国省域碳补偿机制

合理界定碳排放责任,开展省域间碳补偿是促进区域协同减排的重要途径.基于2017年多区域投入产出表,使用增加值贸易分解方法对各省市碳排放进行了分解,测算了省域间的隐含碳流动,并设计了基于减排成本的差异化碳补偿机制,为我国开展横向碳补偿提供了参考.结果表明：(1)省内最终需求引致碳排放占比53.56%、省外最终需求引致碳排放占比32.49%,省域间隐含碳流动显著存在;(2)隐含碳总体呈现出从北部、中部地区向京津地区和东南沿海地区转移的显著流动特征;(3)生产者、消费者和责任共担视角下各省市的碳排放总量相等,其中责任共担的分配思路体现了“受益原则”.(4)省域间碳减排成本存在差异,碳减排成本低的地区直接碳排放量高,产业以重工业为主,碳减排成本高的地区直接碳排放量低,产业以高新技术产业和服务业为主.(5)基于减碳成本各省市需支付(接受)的补偿金额不等,其中,广东需支付的补偿金额最高,内蒙古的受偿金额最高.     

Community relations and mining: Core to business but not “core business”

Over the past two decades the global mining industry has witnessed the necessity and emergence of community relations and development (CRD) functions, essentially under the rubric of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR). These functions provide companies with mechanisms through which to engage and manage their relationships with key stakeholder groups, share development benefits and protect business interests. Despite widespread claims by the industry that companies have adopted CSR as a ‘core competence’, we argue that the industry has yet to incorporate the CRD function as part of ‘core business’ at the level of practice. This article characterises a CRD function and related processes within the context of a large-scale mining operation in West Africa. Findings reflect a more universal trend relating to the function and organisational positioning of CRD practice in the resources sector. The authors argue that functional equity needs to be established if the sustainable development agenda is to have a genuine future within the mining industry.     

Evaluating a small deposit next to an economically viable gold mine in West Africa from the points of view of the mining company,the government and the local community

This paper addresses the question of evaluating how much the different stakeholders stand to gain from a mining project. By carefully analysing the breakdown of the cash-flows generated, we were able to estimate the amounts received by the local community and by the national community (outside the mining area), the taxes and royalties received by the government and the profits made by the mining company. A real options framework was used to take account of the inherent uncertainty on the commodity price and the reserves, and the operating flexibility (that is, the possibility for the company to stop mining if the commodity price drops and/or the reserves prove to be lower than that had been envisaged). A synthetic case-study of a gold mine in West Africa was used to illustrate how this procedure could be applied in practice. By using the real option framework we were able to envisage scenarios for developing an extension to a deposit as a function of future values of the commodity price. The procedure proposed should provide governments and NGOs with more objective data for making policy decisions.     

Multinational oil companies in Nigeria and corporate social responsibility in the HIV/AIDS response in host communities

ABSTRACT

We assess the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) of multinational oil companies (MOCs) on HIV/AIDS prevalence in Nigeria’s oil-producing communities. One thousand, two hundred households were sampled across the rural communities of Niger Delta. Using logit model, the main result indicates that General Memorandum of Understandings (GMoUs) have not significantly impacted on factors behind the spread of HIV/AIDs in rural communities. This implies that the impact of the disease on MOCs business, employees and their families, contractors, business partners and the oil communities have not inclined downward. The findings suggest that CSR offers an opportunity for MOCs to help address HIV/AID prevalence through a business case for stakeholders’ health in the region. It calls for MOCs to improve GMoUs health intervention on sensitisation campaigns, funding testing and counselling centres, subsidising anti-retroviral drugs, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, rehabilitation of orphaned and vulnerable children and other cares for people living with AIDS.     

Reimagining Sustainability: An Interrogation of the Corporate Knights' Global 100

This study examines sustainability reports of the Corporate Knights' “Global 100 Most Sustainable Companies in the World” in order to examine if and how they have been affected by Arturo Escobar's original critique of sustainable development (SD). Via thematic analysis, the study reveals that these corporations have circumvented Escobar's assessment by emphasizing sustainability as corporate growth and profit, without addressing some of the most prominent social concerns in our world today. The goal of this study was to trigger new ways of imagining SD, which speak to issues of equality and justice. Thus, it advances a view of sustainability that is driven by the logic of nature rather than by the logic of market. This study also suggests that researchers and practitioners should define praxis through engagement with local communities rather than through the traditional top-down approaches to sustainability.     

What Is the Environment Doing in My Report? Analyzing the Environment-as-Stakeholder Thesis through Corpus Linguistics

This paper seeks to explore whether business organizations' claims to regard the natural environment as a stakeholder are consistent with the way in which the environment is represented in their corporate social responsibility reporting. It applies corpus linguistic methods to analyze statistical regularities and differences in the discursive construction of core stakeholders, such as customers and employees, and that of the natural environment. Results show that the representation of the environment is not characterized by the agency and capacity for engagement that characterizes other stakeholders. While organizations overtly acknowledge a duty toward the environment, the dominant lexical and grammatical patterns in which it is represented tend to obscure the organization's responsibilities and emphasize its mitigating actions instead. Although the argument for regarding the environment as a stakeholder is based on the fact that it places objective and compelling demands on our actions, we look in vain for recognition of such demands in organizational reporting.     

试论我国环境责任的重构

环境责任的核心是对环境利益的损害予以救济,环境责任理论构建的出发点和落脚点必须围绕环境利益展开,环境责任的定义、特性以及环境责任形式都应以对环境利益的关怀为着力点。依照此思路,文章主张环境责任的特性在于融合性和可转嫁性,环境责任形式可以概括为恢复原态、排除危害和承担损失。     

论政府生态环境损害赔偿责任的承担

政府承担生态环境损害赔偿责任的理论基础是政府对环境质量负责,政府对环境质量负责的实质是政府作为公共环境的管理者和控制者对维护公共环境利益所负担的安全保障义务。根据政府的环境安全保障义务,政府承担生态环境损害赔偿责任应以过错推定为归责原则,责任构成的核心是政府负有其职责范围内特定的环境安全保障义务,因未尽环境安全保障义务间接引发生态环境损害。由于政府未尽环境安全保障义务的行为并非直接也并不必然导致生态环境损害,所以政府一般仅根据自身行为的可责性及其程度对生态环境损害承担补充性的赔偿责任,只有在特殊情况下才承担连带赔偿责任,在政府不负有特定环境安全保障义务的情况下政府不承担赔偿责任。     

机械设备漏油分析

对机械设备漏油的原因进行了分析 ,阐述了国内及国外漏油等级的判别方法 ,对防漏治漏的措施进行了探讨。分析表明 ,防止机械设备漏油应从结构设计、制造工艺、材料选择、污染控制、维护和使用等各方面加以控制     

气候变化的历史责任与碳排放限额分配

对主要国家、九大区域及附件Ｉ国家与非附件Ｉ国家两大集团的二氧化碳历史累积排放量进行了估算,对目前主要的碳排放限额分配方法与原则进行了评述,指出人均原则是应坚持的分配原则。针对以当年还是以1990年为人口基年以及考虑历史责任与否提出了4种人均碳排放限额分配模式,并用其计算了全球九大区域以及中国的2050年碳排放限额。结果表明,考虑历史责任与否对碳排放限额分配结果的影响相当大,而且只有采用考虑历史责任并以1990年为人口基年这一人均分配模式,中国2050年的碳排放限额才可能高于其预测排放量