CONSERVATIONAL WATER PRICING FOR INCREASED WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS1

ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to see if benefits from water supply could be increased by utilizing price-usage information in reservoir design studies. Three pricing policies were examined. The first policy assumed no price-use relationship, and quantity demanded was based on existing community usage with a low water rate. The price of water was set to recover system costs. A price-use relationship was assumed in the second policy and the water rate was constant. The price of water was determined from the associated system which provided maximum expected net benefits. The third policy assumed the price-use relationship and the price charged for water during each billing period was a non-linear function of storage which increased as the amount of water in storage at the beginning of the period decreased. It was found that the use of the conservation pricing policies substantially reduced storage requirements while providing demonstrable net benefits to the community and a large average supply. The conservation pricing policies substantially lowered the average price paid for water. The effect of uncertainty in consumer response to changes in price was studied by using a probabilistic price-use relationship. This uncertainty did not significantly reduce the effectiveness of the conservation policy. It was concluded that demand management by the use of a proper pricing policy could significantly increase net water supply benefits to a community.     

不同主体的旅游开发对社会的影响--以云南石林景区为例

采用问卷调查和新测量模型相结合的方式对云南石林景区进行了实证研究,比较分析了旅游地居民和旅游者对旅游开发活动带来的旅游社会影响的不同态度,得出不同的主体对旅游社会影响的态度差异性和趋同性,并提出了具体的对策和实现途径,以期为下一步的旅游调整性规划提供有益参考.     

打造中国第一生态桃园--成都市龙泉驿区生态农业旅游开发构想

根据龙泉驿区生态农业旅游开发的有利条件,提出了打造"中国第一生态桃园"的构思--生态旅游开发思路、主题定位、旅游产品设计等.最后,提出该区生态农业旅游的开发对策与措施.     

流域水质资源有偿使用机制的思考——以东江为例

阐述了水质资源的基本概念和水质资源计价原则及定价方法,介绍了恢复成本法作为水质资本定价方法和确定水质资本核算函数和曲线的步骤.然后从有偿使用与生态补偿的概念、使用权和所有权以及支付方式3个方面对二者进行比较,指出有偿使用体制可实现水质资源使用权与国家所有权分离,从而可构成市场主体的财产权.基于以上概念和方法,从分析东江水源区的优质水保护与东江供水的关系入手,指出实行水质资源有偿使用的迫切性和重要性,从实现社会公平和完善市场机制两方面分析有偿使用的必要性,并提出了有偿使用机制的若干建议.     

基于博弈模型的水价策略与节水策略分析

在当前水资源浪费、用水效率较低的背景下,仍然有许多地区继续实行低水价政策,本文认为这是供水企业与用水企业以及政府水务部门相互博弈的结果。通过构建一个供水企业与用水企业的博弈模型,并采用演化博弈分析方法分析动态演化的结果,本文发现当前采用低水价的主要原因在于：供水企业制定水价时要同时考虑私人收益与公共节水收益,而高水价对经济产生的冲击成本不足以弥补高水价产生的公共节水收益与私人收益,从而导致有些地区供水企业不敢提高水价,一直采用低水价策略。进一步地,本文采用不完全信息动态博弈方法分析供水企业与政府关于水价的议定过程,发现提高水价对经济的冲击越大,且节水技术投入成本越大而节水的公共收益越小时,政府水务部门同意低水价的概率越大;反之,则同意高水价的概率越大。从博弈论的角度系统地分析了低水价产生的决策过程,可对提高水价、促进节约用水具有一定的指导意义。     

重大事故责任罪之我见

对完善重大责任事故罪立法的专题研究,着重研究重大责任事故罪的犯罪主体、重大责任事故罪刑种、重大责任事故危险犯等三方面问题。     

环境科学研究的新课题

本文就九十年代人类环境面临的新形势论述环境问题已不单纯是科学领域的问题,它与社会、经济、政治等方面的关系日益密切.保护全球环境是当前国际上紧迫的任务之一,我国在九十年代社会经济发展进入新的阶段,环境问题的解决,除了依靠不断增强的经济实力、立法和各种政策手段外,还主要依靠不断发展的科学技术.文章回顾了过去十五年环境科学研究的新进展,以及中国科学院、高等院校、环保科研部门等作出的成绩,在此基础上展望九十年代我国环境研究的新课题.     

建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究方案架构

基于建筑全生命周期这个主线,建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究,以绿色建筑供应链运行效率为导向,以既有建筑节能改造效率为切入点,以产业链过程中各主体行为规律为基础,采用“总-分-合”的基本研究思路模式,聚焦了“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”等三部分核心内容,初步形成建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理的理论体系。本成果采用“总-分-合”的思路模式,基于循环经济理念和主体行为策略视角,遵循研究的学理逻辑,以研究生学位论文为基础,开展“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”3个子课题研究,从系统整体概况实施全面研究规划着手,构架了总括、绿色建筑供应链协调机理、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担、建筑废弃物再生利用社会责任共担、总结等五大模块及上中下三大篇共12章的系统体系。     

The politics of carbon taxation: how varieties of policy style matter

ABSTRACT

The momentum achieved for unilateral carbon taxes in seven European countries is examined. Why is it that small countries, despite being vulnerable to forces of international competition, have been able to implement carbon taxes? A review of national experiences does not suggest that the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix defines the room for such taxes, or point to a strong role for traditional left-right ideology. Rather, it is deep-seated patterns of national policy styles with neo-corporatist traits, providing a protective device for the open economies of small countries, which condition the introduction of carbon taxes. The associated routines of decision-making offer coordination mechanisms for proactive macroeconomic policies in which carbon taxation can find a place. Parliamentary democracies with proportional representation, as is common in the smaller countries, provide access to government for political parties that pursue carbon taxation. These in turn sensitise larger political parties to climate concerns, as they benefit from institutionalised practices and routines for problem-solving and consensus-seeking.     

农地三权分置改革对多元主体收入的影响——来自长江中下游地区的实证经验

中国反贫重点由摆脱绝对贫困向全面实施乡村振兴、系统解决相对贫困转变。农地三权分置改革作为农村土地制度改革的重要内容,对于推进乡村振兴战略和实现共同富裕具有重要作用。根据长江中下游地区1038份入户调研数据,使用多群组结构方程模型,探讨了农地三权分置改革对多元主体收入的影响。结果表明：（1）三权分置对家庭农场和资本农场有积极影响,但对传统农户和种田能手造成了不利的影响,尤其是对种田能手。从作用路径上,传统农户和种田能手收入损失的主要原因分别是经营规模萎缩和负向直接效应,而家庭农场和资本农场收入增加依赖的路径是规模扩张。（2）三权分置对务工经商、农业雇工两类主体收入有积极影响,但对赋闲农户的作用并不乐观。从作用路径上,三权分置主要通过劳动力转移和放松流动性约束两条间接路径提高务工经商、农业雇工主体收入,但赋闲农户的间接路径未形成通路。（3）三权分置对各离农主体的收入总效应高于传统农户、种田能手,却低于家庭农场、资本农场,农业经营主体内部的收入差距要远远高于离农主体内部。研究结论对于完善相关制度政策和助力政策顺利实施、保障农户福利和推动共同富裕有指导意义。