Post-contentious politics and Iran's first ecovillage

The existing scholarship on alternative institutional designs around environmental issues mostly focuses on ideals, goals and practices of these designs. It remains unclear under which circumstances these initiatives emerge and expand. Moreover, those scholars who address the emergence and expansion of these initiatives focus on examples which are located in advanced industrialised societies. It remains unclear why and how these alternative institutions emerge in non-industrialised societies and countries which have not gone through the same growth path as their advanced industrialised counterparts. Consequently, transformative implication of these initiatives for broader social change in non-advanced industrialised societies has not been explored. In this paper, I show that in Iran the emergence of these alternative designs should be understood within the context of post-contentious politics. I present original research on a cooperative that embraces an alternative lifestyle and whose aim is to create Iran's first ecovillage. This case study discusses one kind of response to the contraction of space for civil society and environmental non governmental organisations in Iran. The paper adds to our understanding of the interplay between democratisation processes and environmental activism.     

食品安全网络舆情中网民微博转发行为影响因素研究——以上海福喜事件为例

食品安全网络舆情是公众参与食品安全监管的重要平台,若不加以科学的监管与引导,极易引发食品安全恐慌心理,甚至危害社会稳定。微博是食品安全网络舆情中重要的自媒体平台,主要通过微博转发行为扩散舆情事件的影响,推动舆情事件的发展。为了深入分析食品安全网络舆情中网民微博转发行为,本文以上海福喜事件为例,在事件发展与关注度分析的基础上,通过采集上海福喜事件的新浪微博数据,并运用多项Logistic回归模型展开分析,探讨网民在食品安全网络舆情中转发行为的特征与主要影响因素。研究结果表明,对于仅有主帖内容的微博(类型Ⅰ微博),发帖者微博的粉丝数、微博数、认证情况以及发帖者微博内容的情感倾向、是否有链接、是否有视频对其微博的被转发次数有显著影响;对于转发了他人内容的微博(类型Ⅱ微博),发帖者微博的粉丝数、微博数、认证情况、被转发者微博的粉丝数、被转发次数、被转发者微博内容是否有链接对发帖者微博的被转发次数有显著影响;基于上述结论,提出如下政策建议:具有较高粉丝数与微博数的微博用户所发布的微博影响力更大,应进一步加强对该类微博用户的关注,尤其是一些微博"大V";同时,应进一步发挥官方认证微博在舆论引导方面的积极作用;在舆论引导的过程中,可以通过诸如同时发布相关链接、视频等方式,提高微博内容形式的多元化程度,以增强微博的影响力;此外,在发布微博的过程中,客观、公正地表明态度立场,也是提高微博舆论引导作用的重要方面。     

Patronage and access to a legacy city farmers’ market: a case study of the relocation of the Flint,Michigan, market

This study examines the effects of relocating the Flint Farmers’ Market, a large and successful market in the medium-sized legacy city of Flint, Michigan. Over the course of a year, market patrons and vendors were surveyed to explore questions about the scale of the market, patron demographics, reasons for visiting the market, seasonal variations in outcomes, and healthy food access. The results indicate that the relocated, downtown market is successful in large part because it satisfies multiple needs – it provides access to fresh, local produce; it provides lunch options for downtown workers and students; and it serves as a community gathering space. The study further demonstrates that farmers’ markets in legacy cities can serve a large region, attract diverse customers, and remain sustainable year-round, even in northern climates. These findings should be of interest to planners, policy-makers, and market managers who are considering opening or relocating a farmers’ market as a means of supporting community health, well-being, and economic development.     

中国地区间跨界污染治理的两阶段多边补偿机制研究

近年来,以雾霾、河流污染等为代表的跨界污染问题严重影响了我国经济社会的可持续协调发展。本文将跨界污染治理视为典型的地区间外溢性公共品,从公共经济学的视角出发,分析了我国地区间跨界污染治理的种种困境,并通过构建两阶段多边博弈模型,探讨了补偿机制的可行性。本文首先构建了一个跨地区的污染模型,通过中央政府干预或不干预的博弈分析发现,当污染存在地区内部及跨地区的外溢性时,如果中央政府不介入而由企业自行设定产出水平,那么企业的污染排放水平将超过社会有效率的水平。在此基础上,本文进一步构建了一个两阶段多边补偿机制博弈模型,即由中央政府设计一个地区内部企业与居民之间以及跨地区之间的补偿机制,来解决以上的无效性问题。结果显示,当企业支付的补偿金额取决于居民设定的补偿系数,而居民得到的补偿金额又取决于企业设定的补偿系数时,相互影响的博弈关系使得企业和居民从自身的利益出发,将补偿系数设定在企业污染对于居民边际损害的水平,从而企业生产水平会达到有效状态,两阶段多边补偿机制实现了有效的污染排放。本文在庇古税思想的基础上,通过放松庇古税对外部性相关信息的强假设,构建了一个两阶段多边补偿机制,即由企业缴纳庇古税后,中央将征收的庇古税补偿给居民,这样不仅内部化了企业污染给居民造成的负外部性,还进一步平衡了地区间的跨界污染治理问题。     

北京市公共场所室内甲醛浓度水平分析

为了解北京市公共场所室内甲醛污染水平及影响因素,在工作日和周末上下午对北京市内家具市场、综合商场和服装批发市场3类公共场所不同功能区的室内甲醛浓度进行监测和分析。结果表明:家具市场中包含木质家具的功能区甲醛浓度最高;服装批发市场中包含外贸针织功能区的甲醛浓度最高;综合商场中包含化妆品功能区的甲醛浓度最高;服装批发市场和家具市场整体的甲醛浓度已超过《商场(店)、书店卫生标准》(GB 9670—1996)规定的限值0.12mg/m3。3类公共场所甲醛点位超标率服从显著性水平p0.05的χ2双侧检验,具有统计学意义。长期暴露在服装批发市场和家具市场内的工作人员和顾客,可能存在健康风险,应对家具市场、服装批发市场的甲醛污染进行控制。     

Predicting support for non‐pharmaceutical interventions during infectious outbreaks: a four region analysis

Non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are an important public health tool for responding to infectious disease outbreaks, including pandemics. However, little is known about the individual characteristics associated with support for NPIs, or whether they are consistent across regions. This study draws on survey data from four regions—Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States—collected following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2002–03, and employs regression techniques to estimate predictors of NPI support. It finds that characteristics associated with NPI support vary widely by region, possibly because of cultural variation and prior experience, and that minority groups tend to be less supportive of NPIs when arrest is the consequence of noncompliance. Prior experience of face‐mask usage also results in increased support for future usage, as well as other NPIs. Policymakers should be attentive to local preferences and to the application of compulsory interventions. It is speculated here that some public health interventions may serve as ‘gateway’ exposures to future public health interventions.     

Partnerships and governance at the environment–health nexus in Ontario: lessons from five case examples

The move towards partnerships and collaborative governance models has been advocated in global health discussions for many years now. A case example methodology was applied to this study. It was composed of a document review and semi-structured interviews with key informants from five environment and public health partnerships in the province of Ontario, Canada. These case examples highlight the merits and the challenges of diverse partnerships, and the importance of governance and leadership models, scaling up (and out) impact, and cross-cultural communications to these arrangements. Further work is required to articulate situations in which public health partnerships can be strengthened.     

Assessing participatory and multi-level characteristics of biodiversity and landscape protection legislation: the case of Poland

In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework for analysing formal rules regulating the involvement of various actors in protected areas decision-making over time and apply it to Poland. Based on the analysis of legal acts and policy documents, we suggest that since the democratic transition started in 1989, the governance of Polish protected areas has been increasingly multi-level and participatory. However, different designations indicate different levels of involvement by non-state actors, with Natura 2000 standing out from the traditional protected areas. Regarding governance issues, establishing and taking management decisions were characterised by the greatest changes in actors’ involvement. While participation of non-public actors is still limited mostly to information and consultation, the involvement of non-state public actors of various levels increased significantly. The paper highlights the importance of a systematic analysis of legal rules as a starting point for empirical investigation of the governance of protected areas.     

创新社会管理是解决环境公共事件的重要途径

防范环境矛盾演化为公共事件,必须加强和创新社会管理,包括丰富社会管理的内涵和创新社会管理方式。通过强化政府强制措施、建立企业行为约束与激励机制、保障公众参与畅通有效、加大法制机构的监督力度、发挥非政府组织的协调作用,平衡各方利益,有效防范越来越多的环境矛盾演化升级为环境公共事件。