炼油废水处理技术进展

描述了炼油废水的产生及特点,介绍了几种水处理技术,并对炼油废水处理技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

石油炼化无组织VOCs的排放特征及臭氧生成潜力分析

选取我国光化学活跃的珠江三角洲地区(PRD)典型石油炼化工艺的炼油装置、化工装置和污水处理装置,采用离线和在线的多种先进仪器监测其VOCs的无组织排放特征,并采用间、对-二甲苯/苯(X/B)、甲苯/苯(T/B)、乙苯/苯(E/B)比值分析其VOCs的老化特征,采用最大增量反应活性法(MIR)、等效丙烯浓度法和OH自由基反应速率法(L_OH)3种方法综合评价其VOCs的化学反应活性及臭氧生成潜势(OFP).研究发现,炼油装置区和化工装置区总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度早晚高,中午低;污水处理区呈双峰趋势.3个装置区无组织排放的VOCs中烷烃浓度均占比最高,同一装置区内的不同装置VOCs排放特征不同.石化企业X/B、T/B和E/B值较城区和郊区的高,化工装置区的压缩碱洗装置区(CAW)T/B值最大.石化企业VOCs的活性较城区和郊区的强,其平均OH消耗速率常数为15.22×10^-12cm³/(mol·s),最大增量反应活性为4.21mol(O₃)/mol(VOC).化工装置区对石化企业OFP总量的贡献最高,为84.83%;其次是污水处理区,12.95%;炼油装置区最低,为2.22%.化工装置区的CAW对石化企业OFP贡献率最高,为34.26%;污水处理区的浮选池(FT)贡献率最低,为0.36%.     

泥法A／O生物脱氮工艺处理腈纶废水和炼油废水

采用泥法Ａ／Ｏ生物脱氮工艺处理腈纶废水和炼油废水,出水中ＣＯＤ〈１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈１５ｍｇ／Ｌ。但进水中油〉２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〉７００ｍｇ／Ｌ或ＳＣＮ＾－〉７０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,将对系统产生不良影响。本文介绍了１年来的运行情况,探讨了系统受影响的原因,并提出了改进建议。     

Microbial community dynamics at high organic loading rates revealed by pyrosequencing during sugar refinery wastewater treatment in a UASB reactor

High strength sugar refinery wastewater was treated in a mesophilic UASB. Pyrosequencing reveals microbial community succession with OLR increase. Diversity of microbial communities in OLR12 is much higher than those in OLR36 and OLR54.0 kgCOD/(kg VSS·d). Fermentative bacteria could deal with increasing OLR through the increase of microbial diversity and quantity. Hydrogen-producing acotogens and methanogens mainly coped with high OLR shocks by increasing the quantity of community The performance and microbial community structure in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating sugar refinery wastewater were investigated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal reached above 92.0% at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 12.0–54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in effluent were increased to 451.1 mg/L from 147.9 mg/L and the specific methane production rate improved by 1.2–2.2-fold as the OLR increased. The evolution of microbial communities in anaerobic sludge at three different OLRs was investigated using pyrosequencing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 3% distance were 353, 337 and 233 for OLR12, OLR36 and OLR54, respectively. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD /(m³·d) from 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d) by stepwise, the microbial community structure were changed significantly. Five genera (Bacteroides, Trichococcus, Chryseobacterium, Longilinea and Aerococcus) were the dominant fermentative bacteria at the OLR 12.0 kgCOD/(m³·d). However, the sample of OLR36 was dominated by Lactococcus, Trichococcus, Anaeroarcus and Veillonella. At the last stage (OLR= 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d)), the diversity and percentage of fermentative bacteria were markedly increased. Apart from fermentative bacteria, an obvious shift was observed in hydrogen-producing acetogens and non-acetotrophic methanogens as OLR increased. Syntrophobacter, Geobacter and Methanomethylovorans were the dominant hydrogen-producing acetogens and methylotrophic methanogens in the samples of OLR12 and OLR36. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD/(m³·d), the main hydrogen-producing acetogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were substituted with Desulfovibrio and Methanospirillum. However, the composition of acetotrophic methanogens (Methanosaeta) was relatively stable during the whole operation period of the UASB reactor.     

炼油废水处理装置提标改造

对某炼油厂废水处理装置进行提标改造。在原炼油废水处理流程的基础上将接触氧化池改造为移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）,将斜板沉淀池改换为高密度沉淀池,分别为新增曝气生物滤池（BAF）、催化臭氧氧化等深度处理工艺。改造后装置运行平稳,出水各项指标的6个月平均值：COD 25.2 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N） 1.3 mg/L,TN 12.6 mg/L,TP 0.11 mg/L,满足《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》（GB 31570—2015）的排放要求。改造后每年COD和NH₃-N消减分别约为240 t和44 t,环境效益显著。     

炼油废水中乳化态石油的生物处理可行性研究

对炼油废水中乳化态石油进行了生物除油研究．分离筛选了一组降解石油的微生物,并培养形成性能良好的活性污泥菌剂,在２ Ｌ的好氧反应器中用６ ～１０ ｈ 时间把废水中１４０ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的乳化态石油降解到３０ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 以下,同时去除６０ ％ 左右 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ;整个处理过程不产渣、不排泥,处理效果良好．本研究为生物除油代替絮凝浮选除油提供了实用方法和科学依据     

石油炼厂废水污泥硫酸催化炭化研究

为了消除污染,资源回收利用,进行了用硫酸的催化炭化作用将石油炼厂废水污泥制做活性炭的研究。结果表明,在０．５－０．７ＭＰａ,１５０－１７０℃,ｐＨ１．７－１．８的条件下,用废硫酸可使废水污泥碳化分离出来,炭渣经用ＫＨＣＯ３活化制成粒状性炭,其质量可达ＧＢ／Ｔ１３８０４－９２二级标准。     

炼油企业挥发性有机物无组织排放通量监测现状与发展

炼油企业是重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)人为排放源,排放的VOCs主要来自无组织源,监控及排放核算困难。笔者总结了国内外炼油企业VOCs排放通量监控及核算技术体系,综述了各类VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术的原理及适用范围,着重评述了工业场地VOCs无组织排放通量监测最佳实用技术——红外掩日通量监测(SOF)和差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)及其在炼油企业的应用进展。总体上,SOF仪器及监测费用适中,但易受阳光等天气条件限制; DIAL几乎可全天候监测,但仪器及监测费用较高。SOF和DIAL监测的欧美炼油企业VOCs排放系数一般为0. 02%～0. 10%,约为排放清单值的3～10倍。国内炼油厂VOCs排放核算采用的排放系数约为美国排放清单值(0. 01%～0. 02%)的10倍,尚待实测校验和修订。VOCs无组织排放通量监测技术也可用于检查或评估炼油企业泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)等VOCs无组织排放控制效果。     

炼化企业化学品“一书一签”安全管理探讨

炼化企业发生过多起因不明化学品使用不当而发生的安全事故,事故原因都表明企业在化学品安全技术说明书和安全标签管理上存在薄弱环节。基于国家在一书一签安全管理上相应的制度和标准,分析企业在一书一签安全管理上存在的不规范问题,如版本不符合要求、信息不全、关键数据缺失、传递环节中断、现场无一书一签等,导致一书一签未充分发挥应有的作用。针对上述问题,从一书一签在编制与索取、建档与维护、发放与传递、共享与应用等方面提出管理要求,确保化学品一书一签实现全流程规范管理。     

陶瓷微滤膜深度处理炼油污水二级出水的效能及膜清洗研究

建立了炼油污水二级生化出水的陶瓷微滤膜深度处理系统,当膜孔径为0.2 mm、操作压力为0.12 MPa时,该系统对CODCr和SS的去除率分别达到79%以上和87%以上,出水达到生活杂用水水质标准.自动高压气体(0.5 MPa)反冲洗可有效地提高膜通量;反应系统中加入Al2(SO4)3絮凝剂(50 mg/(L d))与不加入时相比,可使膜通量提高近80%;采用NaOH、HNO3、NaClO溶液和家用洗涤灵进行化学清洗时,HNO3和NaClO先后使用的复合清洗方法效率最高.