对资源环境问题的思考——熵率与自然资源的合理利用

自然界中的能量与物质系统的运动是遵循热力学定律的.从熵的角度来看,现在人类开发利用资源的方式,使系统熵增加速,不利于环境系统的有序和稳定.而人类作为智慧圈的主体,是可以通过智慧和知识,向其输入负熵,以延缓熵增速度.目前的形式下,可以采取适当的对策,坚持科学的发展观,实行节约型经济模式,从熵的角度出发寻找高效的新能源,充分利用不可逆过程的建设性作用,通过知识技术的进步提高资源能源的利用率.     

德国的可再生能源法及其借鉴意义

2005年2月28日,《可再生能源法》在十届全国人大常委会第十四次会议上获表决通过,为中国可再生能源快速发展提供了良好的契机.但是,要使本法发挥有效作用,需要制定出明确可行的实施细则.为此,有必要研究学习国际先进经验.德国可再生能源法是世界上最先进的关于清洁能源的立法之一,它的很多原则和具体条款都具有相当的创新性,在实践中充分发挥了效力,极大地促进了德国可再生能源的发展.本文介绍分析了德国可再生能源法的重要条款并对比了我国的可再生能源法,指出了它的借鉴意义.     

石家庄市颗粒物质量浓度及粒度随高度变化规律

随着经济快速发展,城市高层建筑日益增多,人们活动空间增至到距离地面40m～100m高处,因此大气垂直空间的颗粒物污染状况日益受到人们的关注.就此,进行了可吸入颗粒物质量浓度、粒度的垂直分布研究,得到了可吸入颗粒物在垂直空间中的分布规律,建立了PM10随高度分布的回归方程,并对不同高度的浮尘样品进行粒度分布研究,进一步验证了PM10随高度增加细粒子含量增加的垂直分布规律.     

中国水资源管理的一些问题

广义的水资源管理应当包括水资源的评价和规划、开发利用、治理和保护等。目前中国水资源管理亟待解决的主要问题是:(1)水法的不断完善和切实执行;(2)强化管理机构;(3)制定可行的水资源规划;(4)建立合理的水资源价格体系;(5)全面评价水资源开发效益;(6)调整水资源开发的投资政策。     

论我国气象法的属性及气象资源

就我国气象法，提出了它的三个属性－经济，行政，国际，并讨论了气象资源服务的四个方面：经济建设，国防建设，社会发展和人民生活。     

RECOVERY OF “LOST” STORM WATER FROM LOCAL WASH BEDS1

ABSTRACT: Most of the precipitation that falls is unused because it never reaches a stream or recharges an underground supply. This storm water evaporates and is transpired and consumed by plants. Described below are pertinent legal principles and the concept for a small-scale system to capture and store some of this “lost” storm water from the subflow of small gravelly washes that are not part of or connected with a stream system. The subsurface flow is interrupted by an elastomer faced earthen barrier (dam) and stored in a gravel bed. Both the barrier and the gravel storage bed are situated below the surface of the wash bed. If the gravel bed is not underlain by a natural substratum that is relatively impervious, it is either placed on a liner of suitable compacted clay or is underlain with an elastomeric membrane to limit the downward infiltration and loss of the stored water. A system may be used to capture and store sub-flow after surface flow has ceased and during periods of drought; to supply household and irrigation water; to exercise Winters Doctrine rights; and to replace small dams and surface impoundments by underground storage of the captured water to ensure a more reliable and sanitary supply for livestock and wildlife. A system is most effective in desert regions where (or when) both stream and ground water are unavailable; where rainfall is infrequent, but in storms resulting in rapid runoff; and where land surface topography and morphology coincide to form sites that permit the productive use of a system. A system should not be installed without sound legal and hydrological advice. Careful engineering is essential to the safe and proper design of a system, especially its subsurface barrier.     

COPING WITH A SEVERE SUSTAINED DROUGHT ON THE COLORADO RWER: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW1

ABSTRACT: In arid regions of rapid economic and population growth, adverse effects of droughts are likely to be increasingly serious. This article presents an introduction and overview of the papers collected in this special issue of the Water Resources Bulletin. The papers report on the second phase of a study of the impacts of and responses to a potential severe sustained drought in the Colorado River Basin in the southwestern U.S. The analyses were performed by a consortium of researchers from universities and the private sector located throughout the Basin. Tree ring studies suggest that droughts of duration and magnitude much more serious than any found in the modern records probably occurred in the Basin during earlier centuries. Taking the present-day configuration of the storage and diversion structures and the economic conditions in the Basin as the base-point, the general objectives of the study are three: first, to define a representative Severe Sustained Drought (SSD) and assess its hydrologic impacts; second, to forecast the economic, social and environmental impacts on the southwestern U.S.; and finally, to assess alternative institutional arrangements for coping with an SSD. The evaluation of impacts and policies was conducted with two distinct modeling approaches. One involved hydrologic-economic optimization modeling where water allocation institutions are decision variables. The second was a simulation-gaming approach which allowed “players” representing each basin state to interact in a real-time decision making mode in response to the unfolding drought.     

REVISITING STATE WATER RIGHTS LAW1

ABSTRACT: Water resources professionals should be engaged actively in revisiting state water rights law. During the past four years, sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers with cooperation of other water resources organizations, over a hundred engineers, hydrologists, geographers, lawyers, administrators, educators, water users, and other persons interested in water law have been preparing a Model State Water Rights Code. Preliminary drafts of the Model Code have been considered in four states, and its provisions will be disseminated nationally to state legislators and other policy makers upon formal publication in September 1994. The Model Code gathers the best provisions from state water laws into comprehensive regulated riparian and prior appropriation provisions, includes commentaries explaining how its textual sections address water resources planning and management issues, and references similar language in current state water statutes. The goal of the Code Project is to provide materials which will assist legislators so they can enact effective, efficient, and equitable water laws. In the future, the Code drafting group will expand its efforts to develop legal guidelines for allocating shared transboundary water resources, water quality law, federal water statutes, and other water resources legal issues.     

Evaluating the Brazilian zero tolerance drinking and driving law: Time series analyses of traffic-related mortality in three major cities

Objective: A zero tolerance alcohol restriction law was adopted in Brazil in 2008. In order to assess the effectiveness of this intervention, the present study compares specific mortality in 2 time series: 1980–2007 and 2008–2013.

Methods: Data on mortality and population were gathered from official Brazilian Ministry of Health information systems. Segmented regression analyses were carried out separately for 3 major Brazilian capitals: Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo.

Results: In 2 cities (Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro) there were no significant changes in mortality rate trends in 2 periods, 1980 to 2007 and 2008 to 2013, where the observed rates did not differ significantly from predicted rates. In São Paulo, a decreasing trend until 2007 unexpectedly assumed higher levels after implementation of the law.

Conclusion: There is no evidence of reduced traffic-related mortality in the 3 major Brazilian capitals 5.5 years after the zero tolerance drinking and driving law was adopted.     

铝合金复合板轧制变形规律研究

此文研究了Al-Si/Al-Mn/Al-Si三层铝合金复合板轧制过程中包覆率的变化规律,基体金属和包覆金属的变形速度关系。讨论了复合板的变形规律。