对资源环境问题的思考——熵率与自然资源的合理利用

自然界中的能量与物质系统的运动是遵循热力学定律的.从熵的角度来看,现在人类开发利用资源的方式,使系统熵增加速,不利于环境系统的有序和稳定.而人类作为智慧圈的主体,是可以通过智慧和知识,向其输入负熵,以延缓熵增速度.目前的形式下,可以采取适当的对策,坚持科学的发展观,实行节约型经济模式,从熵的角度出发寻找高效的新能源,充分利用不可逆过程的建设性作用,通过知识技术的进步提高资源能源的利用率.     

广东省枯水径流时间演化规律的研究

枯水径流时间演化规律研究的内容非常广泛,如枯水径流发生的时间、频率分布、趋势和周期分析等,但从研究现状来看,处在丰水地区的广东省对枯水径流时间演化规律的研究还十分少见,因此文章根据广东省枯水所具备的特点,选取枯水径流发生时间和频率分布两个方面进行了研究。首先选取1956—2000年广东省境内8大水系上各控制站点的最小月径流量,采用统计分析的方法,对各站最小月径流量发生时间规律进行了研究,结果表明,广东省内出现最小月径流量的大多数月份是2月,占总统计月份数的32.3%,其次为12月、1月和3月;其次选取较为典型的西枝江流域九洲站1959—2002年44年间的实测径流最小日流量资料,分别采用两参数对数正态、P-Ⅲ型、对数P-Ⅲ型和耿贝尔型四种分布曲线进行适线,结果表明,P-Ⅲ型最为符合年最小日流量频率分布。     

中国水资源管理的一些问题

广义的水资源管理应当包括水资源的评价和规划、开发利用、治理和保护等。目前中国水资源管理亟待解决的主要问题是:(1)水法的不断完善和切实执行;(2)强化管理机构;(3)制定可行的水资源规划;(4)建立合理的水资源价格体系;(5)全面评价水资源开发效益;(6)调整水资源开发的投资政策。     

论我国气象法的属性及气象资源

就我国气象法，提出了它的三个属性－经济，行政，国际，并讨论了气象资源服务的四个方面：经济建设，国防建设，社会发展和人民生活。     

RECOVERY OF “LOST” STORM WATER FROM LOCAL WASH BEDS1

ABSTRACT: Most of the precipitation that falls is unused because it never reaches a stream or recharges an underground supply. This storm water evaporates and is transpired and consumed by plants. Described below are pertinent legal principles and the concept for a small-scale system to capture and store some of this “lost” storm water from the subflow of small gravelly washes that are not part of or connected with a stream system. The subsurface flow is interrupted by an elastomer faced earthen barrier (dam) and stored in a gravel bed. Both the barrier and the gravel storage bed are situated below the surface of the wash bed. If the gravel bed is not underlain by a natural substratum that is relatively impervious, it is either placed on a liner of suitable compacted clay or is underlain with an elastomeric membrane to limit the downward infiltration and loss of the stored water. A system may be used to capture and store sub-flow after surface flow has ceased and during periods of drought; to supply household and irrigation water; to exercise Winters Doctrine rights; and to replace small dams and surface impoundments by underground storage of the captured water to ensure a more reliable and sanitary supply for livestock and wildlife. A system is most effective in desert regions where (or when) both stream and ground water are unavailable; where rainfall is infrequent, but in storms resulting in rapid runoff; and where land surface topography and morphology coincide to form sites that permit the productive use of a system. A system should not be installed without sound legal and hydrological advice. Careful engineering is essential to the safe and proper design of a system, especially its subsurface barrier.     

COPING WITH A SEVERE SUSTAINED DROUGHT ON THE COLORADO RWER: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW1

ABSTRACT: In arid regions of rapid economic and population growth, adverse effects of droughts are likely to be increasingly serious. This article presents an introduction and overview of the papers collected in this special issue of the Water Resources Bulletin. The papers report on the second phase of a study of the impacts of and responses to a potential severe sustained drought in the Colorado River Basin in the southwestern U.S. The analyses were performed by a consortium of researchers from universities and the private sector located throughout the Basin. Tree ring studies suggest that droughts of duration and magnitude much more serious than any found in the modern records probably occurred in the Basin during earlier centuries. Taking the present-day configuration of the storage and diversion structures and the economic conditions in the Basin as the base-point, the general objectives of the study are three: first, to define a representative Severe Sustained Drought (SSD) and assess its hydrologic impacts; second, to forecast the economic, social and environmental impacts on the southwestern U.S.; and finally, to assess alternative institutional arrangements for coping with an SSD. The evaluation of impacts and policies was conducted with two distinct modeling approaches. One involved hydrologic-economic optimization modeling where water allocation institutions are decision variables. The second was a simulation-gaming approach which allowed “players” representing each basin state to interact in a real-time decision making mode in response to the unfolding drought.     

REVISITING STATE WATER RIGHTS LAW1

ABSTRACT: Water resources professionals should be engaged actively in revisiting state water rights law. During the past four years, sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers with cooperation of other water resources organizations, over a hundred engineers, hydrologists, geographers, lawyers, administrators, educators, water users, and other persons interested in water law have been preparing a Model State Water Rights Code. Preliminary drafts of the Model Code have been considered in four states, and its provisions will be disseminated nationally to state legislators and other policy makers upon formal publication in September 1994. The Model Code gathers the best provisions from state water laws into comprehensive regulated riparian and prior appropriation provisions, includes commentaries explaining how its textual sections address water resources planning and management issues, and references similar language in current state water statutes. The goal of the Code Project is to provide materials which will assist legislators so they can enact effective, efficient, and equitable water laws. In the future, the Code drafting group will expand its efforts to develop legal guidelines for allocating shared transboundary water resources, water quality law, federal water statutes, and other water resources legal issues.     

恶臭排放规律及其采样和分析方法

恶臭作为一种环境污染,已经严重影响人们的生活质量和环境状况。文章综述了恶臭污染国内外相关标准、恶臭的排放规律、影响恶臭污染扩散的因素、恶臭样品的采集和分析等几方面进行了阐述,以促进对恶臭的了解和深入研究。     

第二松花江面源污染时空分布规律的研究

第二松花江流域作为松花江干流的主要产水区,其污染年负荷关乎下游水质的安全。面源污染是第二松花江的重要污染来源,采用输出系数法估算面源污染年负荷量,通过流域土地利用类型、社会经济信息等因素,利用有资料年的统计数据,进行面源污染年负荷量在时间、空间上的展布,探寻第二松花江流域面源污染年负荷量的空间分布规律,为水环境管理部门提供理论依据。     

环境执法责任制是依法行政的根本保证

加强环境行政执法,是当前环境法制工作的重点,是推动环保各项工作开展的关键环节。本文从辛集市环境执法工作中,提出实施执法责任制是依法行政的根本所在。