Markovian–Octant analysis based stable turbulent shear stresses in near-bed bursting phenomena of vortex settling chamber

The coherent structure in near-bed turbulent boundary layer of vortex chamber, particularly the bursting events and their associated shear stresses play the main role in sediment flushing process and consequently the trap efficiency of the vortex settling chamber. Hence, three-dimensional velocity measurements were made at 48 points near the bed of physical model of vortex chamber by using Micro-ADV. The pattern of sediment deposition at the bed of vortex settling chamber reveals three separate regions formed by three predominant currents of inlet flow, flushing flow and outlet over flow. Additionally, due to the instability and three-dimensional nature of the bursting events near the bed of chamber, the new method of Markovian–Octant analysis was applied to study the different classes of near-bed stable shear stresses of vortex chamber in three dimensions. Moreover, the role of each class of stable shear stresses on Sediment transport mechanism at the bed of vortex chamber is investigated.     

The Residence Time of Settling Particles in the Surface Mixed Layer

The transport from the upper mixed layer into the pycnocline of particles with negative buoyancy is considered. Assuming the hydrodynamic parameters to be time- independent, an adjoint model is resorted to that provides a general expression of the residence time in the mixed layer of the constituent under study. It is seen that the residence time decreases as the settling velocity increases or the diffusivity decreases. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the residence time must be larger than z/w and smaller than h/w, where z, h and w denote the distance to the pycnocline, the thickness of the mixed layer and the sinking velocity. In the vicinity of the pycnocline, the residence time is not necessarily zero; its behaviour critically depends on the eddy diffusivity profile in this region. Closed-form solutions are obtained for constant and quadratic diffusivity profiles, which allows for an analysis of the sensitivity of the residence time to the Peclet number. Finally, an approximate value is suggested of the depth-averaged value of the residence time.     

地表水水样自然沉降放置试验与讨论

本文用四种方式对地表水样品的自然沉降在采样环节还是在分析环节进行实验,对BOD5、CODMn、CODcr之类分析时不需对样品进行预处理的项目有一定影响,自然沉降在分析环节的监测结果低于在采样环节的监测结果;对氨氮、总磷之类分析时需对样品进行预处理的项目影响几率基本持平。     

石油类物质环己烷对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

炼油废水中石油类物质容易影响活性污泥沉降性能、干扰处理效果.为了定量分析石油类物质对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,采用定量图像分析技术,通过图像采集、图像处理、图像分析和数据处理流程,考察了不同浓度环己烷影响下活性污泥絮体微观参数变化情况及参数间的相关性,并分析了微观参数与宏观参数[SV（污泥沉降比）、SVI（污泥容积指数）和MLSS（污泥浓度）]间的相关性.结果表明:①絮体微观参数值随环己烷投加浓度的变化规律具有明显的分组现象,同组参数间相关性强,可据此将参数分为大小类、规则性类和密实性类.②环己烷在低于1 g/L浓度条件下使活性污泥沉降体积增大,此时密实性参数与环己烷投加浓度、SV和SVI分别具有一定相关性.③环己烷投加浓度≥ 1 g/L时会导致污泥上浮流失,此时大小类和规则性类参数均分别与SV和MLSS具有一定相关性,其中,孔率与环己烷投加浓度呈负相关（R2为0.91）,分形维数与SV和MLSS分别呈负相关（R2分别为0.75和0.89）.研究显示,利用定量图像分析技术检测孔率和分形维数等污泥絮体微观参数,能够反映石油类物质对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,当孔率降至0.98以下预示着污泥流失,并且分形维数越大,流失越严重.      

Evaluating the Applicability of a Two‐dimensional Flow Model of a Highly Heterogeneous Domain to Flow and Environmental Management

Two‐dimensional simulation of highly heterogeneous domains, especially those with disparate length scales, roughness conditions, and geometries, often leads to challenges such as long computation times and numerical instability. Simulation of challenging domains is often needed to guide flood management and environmental regulation agencies in operation and potential domain modifications. This work evaluates the ability of a two‐dimensional unsteady hydrodynamic model to represent long‐duration transient flows over a domain with highly heterogeneous roughness, geometric characteristics, and length scales through bed roughness representation. The domain includes 13 km of Cache Creek and the 14.5 km² Cache Creek Settling Basin, which traps both sediment and mercury. Calibration under different bed roughness methods, validation, and modeling results of bathymetric modification scenarios are presented. The modeling approach's performance supports its application as a tool for management of similar domains, such as settling basins, leveed floodplains, and reservoirs. Accurate representation of flow dynamics can also inform environmental management that involves transport of sediments, nutrients, and heavy metals. This study found that a two‐dimensional unsteady flow model can accurately represent long‐duration transient flow in a large settling basin with highly heterogeneous characteristics without parsing of the domain or flow events simulated.     

污泥接种量对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响研究

考察了污泥接种体积分别为25％、50％和75％的反应器有效容积情况下的污泥颗粒化特征。结果发现，25％体积的污泥接种量利于颗粒污泥的形成和成长，其颗粒化程度高、平均粒径大且粒径分布范围广，而50％和75％体积的污泥接种量只能形成少量细小的颗粒污泥。分析认为，悬浮分散污泥是颗粒化的一个较大障碍，较少的接种量能够提供较大的自由沉淀空间，使污泥能够实现重力分层，进而排除与颗粒污泥竞争底物的悬浮不沉降污泥，从而利于颗粒化。污泥颗粒化的直接影响因素不是沉淀时间而是自由沉淀空间。沉淀时间的缩短使自由沉淀空间增加，从而影响了污泥颗粒化进程。     

活性污泥培养初期溶解氧(DO)的控制

活性污泥培养初期,由于污泥尚未大量形成,细菌消耗的营养和溶解氧少,曝气量大大少于稳定运行期间的曝气量。以缙云污水处理厂为例,对培养初期污泥沉降比(SV30)与溶解氧(DO)以及化学需氧量(COD)去除率之间的关系进行了探讨。     

颤蚓污泥减容效果及其影响因素分析

通过批沉降实验考察了颤蚓对一系列来源不同、性质不同的活性污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,颤蚓污泥减容效果显著.对活性污泥的主要性质指标进行Pearson偏相关分析后.发现污泥本身的污泥沉降比(SV,亦称30min沉降率)和半沉降时间t50是影响颤蚓污泥减容作用的重要因素,而并非污泥浓度TSS和SVI.其中,SV分别与颤蚓作用60min后的污泥减容率η(SV60)及污泥半沉降时间的减少率η(t50)之间显著相关.另外,在污泥性质相同的情况下,颤蚓污泥容积比也是影响颤蚓污泥减容效果的重要因素,单位容积下颤蚓投加量越大,污泥减容率会越高.     

风浪作用下的底泥悬浮沉降及内源释放量研究

分别于春夏秋冬4个季节对太湖梅梁湾水体开展了5次野外实验,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物,采用Gansith公式法计算了沉积物的再悬浮通量,并建立了其与风速的关系;对代表不同风浪作用下的太湖悬浮物进行了7次静沉降实验,计算了悬浮物的静沉降通量,并建立了其与悬浮物浓度关系.以3.7 m/s为界对低泥悬浮沉降过程进行分解和概化,计算了2005年每日的悬浮沉降量,并利用近10年的风速资料估算了太湖年均内源释放量,结果表明,太湖每日的内源释放量受风速影响显著,和风速变化趋势较为接近,然而不同营养盐的释放状况却各不相同.太湖内源年均进人水体的净底泥量有19.03万t,冬季最大.夏季次之;就营养物质释放量而言,COD约4.96万t、总氮约7 773.0 t、总磷约275.5 t.其中秋季营养物质释放量最小,夏季最大.     

基于污泥转移的SBR工艺污泥沉降性能研究

具有污泥转移功能的SBR工艺是利用SBR工艺的间歇运行特性,通过污泥回流的方式在并联运行的SBR间实现活性污泥的转移,使各SBR反应器中反应阶段污泥量增加,沉淀撇水阶段减少,从而提高系统除污效能和处理能力。以某低浓度城市污水为水源,进行了中试研究。分析了在不同污泥转移量下系统中污泥的沉降界面、污泥指数等关系,考察了污泥转移对SBR处理能力的影响。试验结果表明:污泥转移可改善污泥沉降性能,30%的污泥回流比下反应器中污泥的SVI值由无污泥转移时的140降低为93左右;采用30%的污泥回流比进行污泥转移可将传统SBR工艺处理能力提高近1/2。