Coping with Change: The Small Experiment as a Strategic Approach to Environmental Sustainability

The patterns of living, planning, and resource utilization as practiced in Western countries for decades are not sustainable; change of some sort is essential. But what changes are appropriate, and, perhaps more important, will people accept them? The small experiment framework provides a strategy for meeting the challenge of change. By encouraging participation, limiting the scale of initial change, and incorporating some aspects of the familiar, many of the difficulties that make change so problematic can be mitigated or even eliminated. An exploration, from a psychological perspective, of the characteristic difficulties surrounding potential change provides the context for a discussion of the components of the small experiment and an analysis of how these elements address these characteristic challenges. A comparison to adaptive management is drawn, and several concrete examples illustrate how the strategy has been used successfully to address a variety of environmental problems.     

我国建筑安全管理存在的主要问题及对策建议

针对建筑安全生产状况,从分析建筑安全管理存在的主要问题入手,认真研究和总结建筑安全生产管理的规律和特点,提出在经济日益市场化条件下,强化建筑安全监督管理,促进建筑业安全发展的对策建议.     

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION SYSTEMS: A CONSISTENT ESTIMATOR FOR UNKNOWN PARAMETERS IN CONFINED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents criteria for establishing the identification status of the inverse problem for confined aquifer flow. Three linear estimation methods (ordinary least squares, two-stage least squares, and three-stage least squares) and one nonlinear method (maximum likelihood) are used to estimate the matrices of parameters embedded in the partial differential equation characterizing confined flow. Computational experience indicates several advantages of maximum likelihood over the linear methods.     

A MATRIX AND ACCOMPANYING CLASSIFICATIONS FOR IDENTIFYING WATER RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND NEEDS1

ABSTRACT: A matrix was developed of problems with the functional use of water resources (rows) and functions served by water resources research (columns). A classification of water problems and a classification of research fields also were developed to accompany the matrix. The matrix and classification schemes were used when preparing the five-year research and development plan of the Water Resources Center of The Ohio State University. They were used: (1) to classify each research project that had been supported by the Water Resources Center from 1965 through 1980, (2) to guide interviews with personnel of federal and state agencies and university faculty who assisted in defining Ohio's water research needs, (3) to organize responses received during these interviews, and (4) to arrive at a selected list of ten problems with the functional use of Ohio's water resources that were prioritized based upon opinions received from water-related officials throughout the state. Other matrices and classification schemes are reviewed that were revised and expanded upon when formulating the ones used in Ohio. Suggestions are given regarding further development of the functional matrix and accompanying classifications as well as their use in administration of the cooperative federal-state water resources research program and other federal water resources research programs.     

推进地方环境立法建设的理论探讨

地方环境立法是我国环境法体系的重要组成部分,本文分析了立法过程中暴露出的一些问题,并从五个方面阐述了如何推行地方环境立法建设,进而健全地方环境法体系     

农产品产地环境长期定位监测进展、问题与对策研究

农产品产地环境长期定位监测是加强农产品产地安全管理、保障农产品安全的基础性工作,具有重要的战略与现实意义。本文简要评述了中国农产品产地环境长期定位监测工作进展与发展趋势,从规划布局、管理方式、数据汇交、监测评价手段等方面分析了存在的问题,提出了战略层面高度重视、开展统一规划布局、科学选定监测内容、实现数据统一管理、稳定长效经费保障等具体对策,以期推进工作长效运行、发挥效用。     

人工湿地在应用中存在的问题及解决措施

人工湿地是近几十年发展起来的一种污水生态处理工程技术,它将污水处理和环境生态有机地结合起来,在有效处理污水的同时也美化了环境,创造了生态景观,带来了环境效益和一定的经济效益.人工湿地自发展以来,以其独特的优势广受人们关注,并广泛应用于处理生活污水、工业废水、矿山及石油开采废水等.但是人工湿地在实际应用过程中也暴露出了很多问题,如易受气候条件和温度的影响,基质易饱和易堵塞,易受植物种类影响,占地面积较大,管理不合理,设计不规范,生态服务功能单一等,这些问题在一定程度上影响了人工湿地对污水的处理效果,缩短了人工湿地的使用寿命,阻碍了人工湿地的推广应用.针对目前人工湿地在应用中存在的这些问题提出了相应的解决措施,提高人工湿地对污水的处理效果,期望能够为人工湿地的应用及推广提供参考.     

北京市“白色污染”对策研究

在考察分析北京市“白色污染”现状的基础上,归纳出目前治理“白色污染”过程存在的6个问题。针对这些问题,梳理国内外治理“白色污染”经验,同时提出了“源头控制、逐步替代,宣传教育、减量使用,鼓励回收、健全网络,重修法规、强化监管,奥运期间、齐抓共管”的治理建议。     

关于第一次全国污染源普查工作的实践与思考

在全国第一次污染源普查过程中,县级普查机构普遍遇到了组织协调工作难、选调高素质普查人员难、摸清普查对象难、准确填报普查表难、普查数据审核难等问题,为搞好下一次普查,建议要建立普查常设机构,统筹各项普查工作;着眼市场经济条件,合理制定普查方案;充分应用软件技术,科学设计普查表格;宏观与微观并重,数据开发应注重基层的适用性。     

城市生活垃圾收运路线优化的数学模型与算法

给出了城市生活垃圾收运路线优化问题的一般描述,考虑时间窗、车容量等约束,以收运路线总行程最短为目标。建立了该优化问题的数学模型。设计了求解谊问题的单一组合邻域搜索算法。随机邻域搜索算法和变邻域搜索算法三种类型的邻域搜索算法。通过对多组算例的求解实验,结果表明变邻域搜索算法的优化效果明显优于其余类型的邻域搜索算法。