Global status of and prospects for protection of terrestrial geophysical diversity

Conservation of representative facets of geophysical diversity may help conserve biological diversity as the climate changes. We conducted a global classification of terrestrial geophysical diversity and analyzed how land protection varies across geophysical diversity types. Geophysical diversity was classified in terms of soil type, elevation, and biogeographic realm and then compared to the global distribution of protected areas in 2012. We found that 300 (45%) of 672 broad geophysical diversity types currently meet the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11 of 17% terrestrial areal protection, which suggested that efforts to implement geophysical diversity conservation have a substantive basis on which to build. However, current protected areas were heavily biased toward high elevation and low fertility soils. We assessed 3 scenarios of protected area expansion and found that protection focused on threatened species, if fully implemented, would also protect an additional 29% of geophysical diversity types, ecoregional‐focused protection would protect an additional 24%, and a combined scenario would protect an additional 42%. Future efforts need to specifically target low‐elevation sites with productive soils for protection and manage for connectivity among geophysical diversity types. These efforts may be hampered by the sheer number of geophysical diversity facets that the world contains, which makes clear target setting and prioritization an important next step.     

Spatial patterns of carbon,biodiversity, deforestation threat,and REDD+ projects in Indonesia

There are concerns that Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) may fail to deliver potential biodiversity cobenefits if it is focused on high carbon areas. We explored the spatial overlaps between carbon stocks, biodiversity, projected deforestation threats, and the location of REDD+ projects in Indonesia, a tropical country at the forefront of REDD+ development. For biodiversity, we assembled data on the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates (ranges of amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles) and plants (species distribution models for 8 families). We then investigated congruence between different measures of biodiversity richness and carbon stocks at the national and subnational scales. Finally, we mapped active REDD+ projects and investigated the carbon density and potential biodiversity richness and modeled deforestation pressures within these forests relative to protected areas and unprotected forests. There was little internal overlap among the different hotspots (richest 10% of cells) of species richness. There was also no consistent spatial congruence between carbon stocks and the biodiversity measures: a weak negative correlation at the national scale masked highly variable and nonlinear relationships island by island. Current REDD+ projects were preferentially located in areas with higher total species richness and threatened species richness but lower carbon densities than protected areas and unprotected forests. Although a quarter of the total area of these REDD+ projects is under relatively high deforestation pressure, the majority of the REDD+ area is not. In Indonesia at least, first‐generation REDD+ projects are located where they are likely to deliver biodiversity benefits. However, if REDD+ is to deliver additional gains for climate and biodiversity, projects will need to focus on forests with the highest threat to deforestation, which will have cost implications for future REDD+ implementation.     

中国县域人均粮食占有量的时空差异及驱动因素

以全国县域为研究单元,基于2004年和2014年各县统计数据,采用ESDA、重心迁移、GWR等方法对县域人均粮食占有量的空间格局进行测定,并分析人均粮食占有量区域差异的空间异质性及变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2004~2014年,全国各县域粮食的人均占有量呈现总体上升的趋势,人均粮食占有量的重心在10a间由西南向东北转移,且南北方向迁移的幅度大于东西方向迁移的幅度。2004年全国县域人均粮食占有量冷热点分布相对分散,东北地区是全国唯一的热点区,冷点区分布在沿海地区,2014年热点区相比于2004年有所缩小,冷点区则有所扩大。影响人均粮食占有量变化各因素的重要程度在空间上差异明显,其重要程度由大至小依次为:人口数量第三产业比重城市化率第二产业比重人均GDP。     

武汉城市圈城市空间相互作用时空演变分析

引入人口重心、GIS网络分析及时序全局主成分分析法对传统引力模型进行修正,由此测算城市潜力值,以定量测度2002~2013年武汉城市圈城市空间相互作用强度,并结合IDW空间插值法和CTCSTP算法揭示出其时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)武汉城市圈各城市与其他城市间相互作用总强度总体呈增长趋势,其中武汉市增幅远高于其他城市,其与孝感-鄂州-黄石形成显著的轴线式发展格局,其余城市始终为空间联系弱区地带。(2)武汉市辐射带动作用日趋强劲,辐射范围逐年扩大并呈现一定的"圈层式"分布,其余城市辐射带动作用较弱,仅孝感市略显对外辐射趋势。(3)整个区域的空间相互作用表现出显著的"西南部低、北部高、东部适中"的空间分异特征,且其重心由南向北转移明显,区域发展不均衡特性显著。     

长江流域逐月气温空间插值方法的探讨

长江流域地形地貌特征复杂。为了探索适合长江流域的逐月气温数据空间插值方法，在考虑海拔、经纬度、坡度、坡向对气温影响和没有考虑这些地形因子对气温影响的两种情况下，利用流域151个气象站2007年逐月气温与对应的站点地形因子进行回归分析，并与回归直线截距相加产生栅格化的回归气温值，同时对回归多项式的残差分别运用反距离权重法（IDW）、普通克立格法（OK）和样条函数法（SPLINE）气温进行了空间插值，然后将栅格化的回归气温值与残差的插值结果相加得到空间化的逐月气温数据，并利用交叉检验方法对插值精度进行了评估。结果表明：考虑了地形因子影响的3种插值方法的精度都有比较明显的提高，对于普通克立格法，平均绝对误差（MAE）从103℃降到060℃，均方根误差（RMSE）从238℃降到123℃；对于反距离权重法，MAE从110℃降到065℃，RMSE从248℃降到138℃；对于样条插值法，MAE从124℃降到074℃，RMSE从266℃降到151℃。考虑了地形因子影响的空间插值方法整体上要优于没有考虑地形因子的空间插值方法，其中，基于地形因子的普通克里格插值方法结果相对较好     

基于GIS的珠三角区域空气质量时空演化分析模型研究

利用广东省环境信息GIS综合发布平台发布的2005—2010年间珠三角区域范围内空气质量日报中空气质量等级数据,采用网格化分析、空间统计分析、专题图分级渲染模型,对珠三角区域的空气质量时空演化特征和影响因素进行研究,结果表明各周期年度珠三角区域网格空气质量频数统计上近似呈正态分布,近5来空气质量空间分布形态由以东莞、佛山为污染中心的哑铃形向以佛山中部为中心并且长轴为西北-东南向的椭圆形演化。     

长江旅游带旅游资源空间格局研究

旅游资源的空间格局是旅游产业规划、布局的重要基础。本文选择长江旅游带9省2市世界遗产地、国家级自然保护区、5A旅游景区、全国重点文物保护单位等12类共计4 729处旅游资源单体的空间分布数据,借助Arc GIS软件,运用空间自相关分析和核密度估计法对旅游资源空间格局进行了分析。结果表明,长江旅游带总体旅游资源、自然旅游资源和人文旅游资源在空间上均具有明显的聚类特征。总体旅游资源沿北纬30°线、G318国道以及沪昆、沪汉蓉高铁等交通主干线分布趋势明显;高级别旅游资源主要集中在长江三角洲地区;自然旅游资源主要集中在沪汉蓉及沪昆高铁沿线及其中间地带;人文旅游资源主要集聚在长江以南的长江三角洲、古徽州地区、滇西北地区以及黔东南少数民族地区。依据得出的旅游资源空间格局特征和分布规律,建议依托长江水道、G318国道和沿线高铁,打造东西向快速旅游通道和精品旅游线路;依托政策优势,联合多方组织机构形成跨区域旅游合作共同体。     

基于GIS和RUSLE模型的万州区土壤保持服务功能空间分布特征

土壤保持服务是重要的生态系统服务之一,代表生态系统对土壤侵蚀所起到的削减和改善作用。以万州为研究区,基于GIS平台和修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),运用降雨、DEM等数据建模,探讨万州区土壤保持服务功能的空间分布特征并分析其影响因素。结果显示:(1)万州区土壤保持总量为1 435.84×10~5t/a,单位面积年均土壤保持量为417.91 t/(hm~2·a),具有较高的土壤保持服务功能重要性;(2)土壤保持服务空间分布受地形和人类活动等的显著影响,东南部山地区域较高,而铁峰山与方斗山之间的长江河谷较低,其空间分布特征与土壤侵蚀的分布状况大致相反;(3)坡度角度,15°~25°坡度区产沙量最大占全区的41.56%,8°~15°区域次之,这两个坡度区人地矛盾最为集中;土地利用类型中,旱地侵蚀最为强烈,而林地侵蚀微弱并表现出很高的土壤保持服务功能。研究结果对万州乃至整个三峡库区的水土保持工作有借鉴意义。     

Representation of critical natural capital in China

Traditional means of assessing representativeness of conservation value in protected areas depend on measures of structural biodiversity. The effectiveness of priority conservation areas at representing critical natural capital (CNC) (i.e., an essential and renewable subset of natural capital) remains largely unknown. We analyzed the representativeness of CNC‐conservation priority areas in national nature reserves (i.e., nature reserves under jurisdiction of the central government with large spatial distribution across the provinces) in China with a new biophysical‐based composite indicator approach. With this approach, we integrated the net primary production of vegetation, topography, soil, and climate variables to map and rank terrestrial ecosystems capacities to generate CNC. National nature reserves accounted for 6.7% of CNC‐conservation priority areas across China. Considerable gaps (35.2%) existed between overall (or potential) CNC representativeness nationally and CNC representation in national reserves, and there was significant spatial heterogeneity of representativeness in CNC‐conservation priority areas at the regional and provincial levels. For example, the best and worst representations were, respectively, 13.0% and 1.6% regionally and 28.9% and 0.0% provincially. Policy in China is transitioning toward the goal of an ecologically sustainable civilization. We identified CNC‐conservation priority areas and conservation gaps and thus contribute to the policy goals of optimization of the national nature reserve network and the demarcation of areas critical to improving the representativeness and conservation of highly functioning areas of natural capital. Moreover, our method for assessing representation of CNC can be easily adapted to other large‐scale networks of conservation areas because few data are needed, and our model is relatively simple.     

Transboundary marine spatial planning: a reflexive marine governance experiment?

Because seas and coastlines are shared between states, the formulation and implementation of marine spatial planning (MSP) should be transboundary by nature. The main argument of this paper is that MSP should be organized as a transboundary policy-making process, but this is hampered by the conceptual and institutional fragmentation MSP is facing. Based on an analysis of four transboundary planning processes in different European seas, the paper gives insight into the possibilities to develop and implement transboundary marine spatial planning (TMSP). To overcome the conceptual and institutional challenges, TMSP should be developed as a reflexive governance arrangement, in which the actors involved are able to change the rules of the game and to challenge the existing (national-oriented) MSP discourses. The paper develops four forms of reflexivity (unreflectiveness; performative reflectiveness; structural reflectiveness; and reflexivity) to assess TMSP processes and to formulate conditions which are crucial to develop TMSP as a reflexive marine governance arrangement.