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131.
132.
Assessing protected area effectiveness using surrounding (buffer) areas environmentally similar to the target area 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Mas JF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,105(1-3):69-80
Many studies are based on the assumption that an area and its surrounding (buffer) area present similar environmental conditions and can be compared. For example, in order to assess the effectiveness of a protected area, the land use/cover changes are compared inside the park with its surroundings. However, the heterogeneity in spatial variables can bias this assessment: we have shown that most of the protected areas in Mexico present significant environmental differences between their interior and their surroundings. Therefore, a comparison that aims at assessing the effectiveness of conservation strategies, must be cautioned. In this paper, a simple method which allows the generation of a buffer area that presents similar conditions with respect to a set of environmental variables is presented. The method was used in order to assess the effectiveness of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, a protected area located in the south-eastern part of Mexico. The annual rate of deforestation inside the protected area, the standard buffer area (based upon distance from the protected area only) and the similar buffer area (taking into account distance along with some environmental variables) were 0.3, 1.3 and 0.6%, respectively. These results showed that the protected area was effective in preventing land clearing, but that the comparison with the standard buffer area gave an over-optimistic vision of its effectiveness. 相似文献
133.
Sulphate, Nitrogen and Base Cation Budgets at 21 Forested Catchments in Canada, the United States and Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Watmough SA Aherne J Alewell C Arp P Bailey S Clair T Dillon P Duchesne L Eimers C Fernandez I Foster N Larssen T Miller E Mitchell M Page S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,109(1-3):1-36
To assess the concern over declining base cation levels in forest soils caused by acid deposition, input-output budgets (1990s
average) for sulphate (SO4), inorganic nitrogen (NO3-N; NH4-N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) were synthesised for 21 forested catchments from 17 regions in Canada,
the United States and Europe. Trend analysis was conducted on monthly ion concentrations in deposition and runoff when more
than 9 years of data were available (14 regions, 17 sites). Annual average SO4 deposition during the 1990s ranged between 7.3 and 28.4 kg ha−1 per year, and inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition was between 2.8 and 13.8 kg ha−1 per year, of which 41–67% was nitrate (NO3-N). Over the period of record, SO4 concentration in deposition decreased in 13/14 (13 out of 14 total) regions and SO4 in runoff decreased at 14/17 catchments. In contrast, NO3-N concentrations in deposition decreased in only 1/14 regions, while NH4-N concentration patterns varied; increasing at 3/14 regions and decreasing at 2/14 regions. Nitrate concentrations in runoff
decreased at 4/17 catchments and increased at only 1 site, whereas runoff levels of NH4-N increased at 5/17 catchments. Decreasing trends in deposition were also recorded for Ca, Mg, and K at many of the catchments
and on an equivalent basis, accounted for up to 131% (median 22%) of the decrease in acid anion deposition. Base cation concentrations
in streams generally declined over time, with significant decreases in Ca, Mg and K occurring at 8, 9 and 7 of 17 sites respectively,
which accounted for up to 133% (median 48%) of the decrease in acid anion concentration. Sulphate export exceeded input at
18/21 catchments, likely due to dry deposition and/or internal sources. The majority of N in deposition (31–100%; median 94%)
was retained in the catchments, although there was a tendency for greater NO3-N leaching at sites receiving higher (<7 kg ha-1 per year) bulk inorganic N deposition. Mass balance calculations show that export of Ca and Mg in runoff exceeds input at
all 21 catchments, but K export only exceeds input at 16/21 sites. Estimates of base cation weathering were available for
18 sites. When included in the mass balance calculation, Ca, Mg and K exports exceeded inputs at 14, 10 and 2 sites respectively.
Annual Ca and Mg losses represent appreciable proportions of the current exchangeable soil Ca and Mg pools, although losses
at some of the sites likely occur from weathering reactions beneath the rooting zone and there is considerable uncertainty
associated with mineral weathering estimates. Critical loads for sulphur (S) and N, using a critical base cation to aluminium
ratio of 10 in soil solution, are currently exceeded at 7 of the 18 sites with base cation weathering estimates. Despite reductions
in SO4 and H+ deposition, mass balance estimates indicate that acid deposition continues to acidify soils in many regions with losses of
Ca and Mg of primary concern.
The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.
The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright. 相似文献
134.
135.
The increasing use of the landscape by humans has led to important diminutions of natural surfaces. The remaining patches
of wild habitat are small and isolated from each other among a matrix of inhospitable land-uses. This habitat fragmentation,
by disabling population movements and stopping their spread to new habitats, is a major threat to the survival of numerous
plant and animal species. We developed a general model, adaptable for specific species, capable of identifying suitable habitat
patches within fragmented landscapes and investigating the capacity of populations to move between these patches. This approach
combines GIS analysis of a landscape, with spatial dynamic modeling. Suitable habitat is identified using a threshold area
to perimeter ratio. Potential movement pathways of species between habitat patches are modeled using a cellular automaton.
Habitat connectivity is estimated by overlaying habitat patches with movement pathways. The maximum potential population is
calculated within and between connected habitat patches and potential risk of inbreeding within meta-populations is considered.
The model was tested on a sample map and applied to scenario maps of predicted land-use change in the Peoria Tri-county region
(IL). It (1) showed area of natural area alone was insufficient to estimate the consequences on animal populations; (2) underscored
the necessity to use approaches investigating the effect of land-use change spatially through the landscape and the importance
of considering species-specific life history characteristics; and (3) highlighted the model's potential utility as an indicator
of species likelihood to be affected negatively by land-use scenarios and therefore requiring detailed investigation. 相似文献
136.
The present work attempts statistical analysis of groundwater quality near a Landfill site in Nagpur, India. The objective
of the present work is to figure out the impact of different factors on the quality of groundwater in the study area. Statistical
analysis of the data has been attempted by applying Factor Analysis concept. The analysis brings out the effect of five different
factors governing the groundwater quality in the study area. Based on the contribution of the different parameters present
in the extracted factors, the latter are linked to the geological setting, the leaching from the host rock, leachate of heavy
metals from the landfill as well as the bacterial contamination from landfill site and other anthropogenic activities. The
analysis brings out the vulnerability of the unconfined aquifer to contamination. 相似文献
137.
汉江水质评价的化学计量学研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
运用因子分析法对汉江各主要水质断面进行水质因子分析及综合评价,通过各主因子的方差贡献及因子得分得出各水质因子的赋权值,从而对所取断面进行水质污染程度的综合评价、分析与排序。同时运用聚类分析法对汉江17个断面的水质污染相似性进行分析,给出分类处理结果。 相似文献
138.
大气颗粒物中元素碳的直接测定 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
对原来用元素分析仪测定大气颗粒物样品中有机碳、元素碳的方法[1 ] 进行改进 ,将差减法间接测定元素碳改为一步直接测定元素碳。有机碳、元素碳的测量标准偏差的平均值分别为 0 35 %、0 34% ,提高了元素碳的测量精度 ,同时避免了误差传递 ,解决了差减法测定元素碳时出现负值的情况。 相似文献
139.
140.
Lake V?nern, the largest lake in Sweden, has been seriously contaminated with mercury during the 20th century. In the 1970's and 80's the direct load, mainly from a chlor-alkali industry in the area, of mercury was drastically reduced as a response to new legislation, from three to five tons down to between five and ten kg yr(-1). Large amounts of the disposed pollutant have accumulated in the sediments. The question posed in this work is now, is the effect of the drastic load reduction after more than two decades visible in the sediments? The question is relevant as large areas still are blacklisted for fishing, but also as a follow-up of a major remedy action. The lake also serves as a freshwater reservoir for even Sweden's second largest city. This work synthesises and compares data of mercury in the sediments from three major field programs, in 1974, 1984 and 1998. The interest is focused on both spatial heterogeneity and temporal trends. In 1974, the surface concentrations are significantly higher than in subsequent surveys. Significant differences are also found between 1984 and 1998. Significant spatial differences within the lake are found for respective year. The most contaminated area is located in the north, close to the major point source (a former chlor-alkali industry). This is also the area with the largest improvement, as a direct response to the reduction in load. Further from the outlet, the recovery is more affected by burial and transport processes out into the deeper basins. 相似文献