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951.
952.
Contemporary urban air quality management requires the use of appropriate systems which include air quality models, a Geographical Information System (GIS) and a combination of expert systems and decision support tools, while at the same time possessing the capability to receive information from in situ measurements. Until recently, the relation between Information Technology capabilities and the system's design and architecture were poorly addressed, mainly due to technological limitations posed. Moreover, air quality management scenario design issues were partially considered, because of the difficulty in aggregating complex, air quality related issues, in a comprehensive and effective manner, from the end users point of view. In the present paper the use of Environmental Telematics is discussed as a framework for the development of urban air quality management systems, while a comprehensive approach for the application and evaluation of relevant scenarios is presented. 相似文献
953.
在述评国内外地域系统研究的基础上.分析了目前在“生态”框架下进行综合地域系统研究中存在的问题。①生态区是一个开放系统。任何尺度下的生态区都是由不同的生态系统组成。因此生态区的同质性是相对的,导致区划单元界线划定存在分歧。②受基础数据资料精度的限制.指标选取较多考虑是否能够满足数理统计需要而在一定程度上忽视了生态学上的意义和作用。③人类活动在生态区中既受到自然因子的制约.也对自然因子产生偏移,区域社会经济发展模式是自然、人文因子综合作用的结果.因而生态区包含自然因子和人文因子的信息。文中指出掌握自然-人文因子相互作用机制实现自然-人文因子的拟合是综合地域系统研究的核心.运用自然-人文因子空间化技术进行多源数据的融合是划分综合地域系统必须解决的关键技术.同时对将自然-人文空间化技术手段应用于综合地域系统划分中需要解决的问题进行了探讨。 相似文献
954.
We present a new mathematical programming framework that is adaptable to a variety of spatially explicit landscape problems
in environmental investment, conservation, and land-use planning, transport planning, and agriculture. As part of capturing
spatial interdependencies, the framework considers decision variables at two levels, finely spaced grid cells and landholdings.
We applied the framework to an environmental investment problem using objective functions representing biodiversity and carbon
sequestration. We also tested the model to optimize the path of a road through part of the landscape. Using the Nambucca case
study in eastern Australia, we applied a hybrid greedy randomised adaptive search procedure (GRASP) to find solutions to the
model. 相似文献
955.
Monitoring urban growth and detecting land-cover changes on the Istanbul metropolitan area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Istanbul is the most populated city of Turkey with a population of around 10.58 M (2000) living on around 5,750 km2. In 1980, the population was only 4.7 M and then it has been more than doubled in only two decades. The population has been
increasing as a result of mass immigration. An urbanization process continues and it causes serious increases in urban areas
while decreasing the amount of green areas. This rapid, uncontrolled, and illegal urbanization accompanied by insufficient
infrastructure has caused degradation of forest and barren lands in the metropolitan area, especially through the last two
decades. The watershed basins inside the metropolitan area and the transportation network have accelerated the land-cover
changes, which have negative impacts on water quality of the basins. Monitoring urban growth and land cover change will enable
better management of this complex urban area by the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (GIMM). A temporal assessment
of land-cover changes of Istanbul has been documented in this study. The study mainly focuses on the acquisition and analysis
of Landsat TM and Landsat GeoCover LC satellite images reflecting the significant land-cover changes between the years of
1990 and 2005. Raster data were converted to vector data and used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A database was
created for Istanbul metropolitan area to plan, manage, and utilize statistical attribute data covering population, water,
forest, industry, and topographic position. Consequently an overlay analysis was carried out and land use/cover changes through
years have been detected for the case study area. The capability of Landsat images in determining the alterations in the macro
form of the city are also discussed. 相似文献
956.
职业安全卫生标准体系建设初探 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
张兵科 《中国安全科学学报》2000,10(5):34-38
职业安全卫生标准体系是企业安全科研生产工作的基础 ,是推广试行职业安全卫生管理体系 (OHSMS)的有效技术支撑条件。笔者通过分析职业安全卫生标准应用的实际 ,探索性地提出建立适应企业职业安全卫生管理、研究以及 OHSMS需要的标准化管理体系 ;论述并研讨该体系建立的思路、原则和查询方法以及应用过程的管理 ;以此为职业安全卫生管理、研究和试行OHSMS奠定基础并提供有益的帮助。 相似文献
957.
空间功能识别是确定国土空间规划空间开发保护格局的关键环节,理论和实践意义重大。基于土地利用和地表覆盖现状、精细化DEM、地形单元等基础地理信息,水、生态、环境、灾害等专题数据,社会统计数据等多元信息,利用空间分析、多元统计、计量模型、基于规则的分类模型等技术方法,从多元信息综合集成和自动分类识别的角度,研究构建了一套市县国土空间规划空间主导功能识别的关键技术与方法,并对榆林市域进行空间功能分区。研究表明:本文方法有效将地理实体单元、功能评价指标综合于统一的地域单元,保证了空间功能分类识别的准确性;通过自动分类算法建模,实现空间功能识别的自动化,提高了国土空间规划的客观性和工作效率。 相似文献
958.
以湖北省为例,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型构建环境绩效评估指标体系,运用空间自相关和标准差椭圆对湖北省各地区绩效指数空间特征及影响因素进行探讨,结果显示:湖北省各地区环境绩效指数(EPI)均高于60,但普遍处于中等水平,良好及优秀所占比例低.EPI较高的地区主要位于湖北省西部和中部,压力和状态指数从西至东递减,响应指数则呈现东部高于西部高于中部的态势.状态指标绩效指数在空间上显著正相关,即环境质量状况较好(或较差)的地区在空间上集聚.EPI及二级指标绩效指数均以西北-东南为布局方向,且EPI椭圆重心较于基准重心偏向于西南方向.各地区环境指数除受到资源禀赋的影响外,还与城镇化率和人口密度显著相关. 相似文献
959.
李志刚 《城市环境与城市生态》1998,11(4):27-30
酒泉地区城镇类型较多,城镇体系中的许多关系需要统筹协调,本文侧重从城镇的规模和空间关系分析,城乡一体化和区一发展,基础产业和环境建设等三个角度,探讨了区域城市可持续发展问题。 相似文献
960.
Rolf Groeneveld Lex Bouwman Sonja Kruitwagen Ekko van Ierland 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2001,6(2):101-109
Nitrate leaching forms an important environmental problem because it causes pollution of groundwater and surface water, and adds to already problematic eutrophication. This study analyses the impact of reductions in nitrate leaching on land cover decisions of dairy farms, of which the activities make an important contribution to nitrate leaching. As the level of nitrate leaching depends on groundwater depth as well as on the supply of nitrogen, spatial variation in groundwater levels will cause a spatial variation in land cover under restrictions on nitrate leaching. A non-linear partial optimisation model for the economic and ecological aspects of the problem were used to show how land cover and dairy farms' financial balances change when nitrate losses are reduced. The model is spatially explicit, and describes nitrate leakage and yields of maize and grass as a function of groundwater depth, including the effects of various grazing systems. The model analyses the decisions of a risk neutral agent who minimises costs under the following constraints: (i) production, feed requirements and mass balances for fodder; (ii) constraints for nitrate leaching. Economic costs are attributed to increased costs of fodder and processing of manure when nitrate restrictions are tightened. An important result of the study is the variation in compliance costs and land cover for maize and grass production brought about by spatial variation in groundwater depth. While the effects are negligible for some shallow groundwater classes, it is extremely difficult in other classes – if not impossible – to obtain the EU standard of maximum admissible losses of 34 kg N ha–1 at low costs. The study shows an important reduction in land cover by maize. 相似文献