论我国"二元化"环境责任保险制度构建

随着我国市场经济的进一步发展和工业化进程的加快，环境污染和生态破坏日益成为影响经济发展的社会问题。对于因环境污染所产生的环境侵权，通过保险制度来解决因环境污染所导致的损害，日益成为众多环境法学者关注的问题。环境责任保险制度是建立在侵权法和责任保险理论之上，成为解决环境侵权的有效途径之一。对于环境侵权责任保险问题，国家应根据具体情况对环境责任保险予以干预，根据实际需要选择环境侵权责任保险的模式。我国应构建商业保险和强制保险并存的“二元化”的环境侵权责任保险制度。     

Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical urban area of Beijing: A case study in October, 2014

To investigate the composition and possible sources of particles, especially during heavy haze pollution, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during October of 2014, in Beijing. A total of 2,871,431 particles with both positive and negative spectra were collected and characterized in combination with the adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Eight types of particles were classified: dust particles (dust, 8.1%), elemental carbon (EC, 29.0%), organic carbon (OC, 18.0%), EC and OC combined particles (ECOC, 9.5%), Na-K containing particles (NaK, 7.9%), K-containing particles (K, 21.8%), organic nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN, 2.3%), and metal-containing particles (metal, 3.6%). Three haze pollution events (P1, P2, P3) and one clean period (clean) were analyzed, based on the mass and number concentration of PM_2.5 and the back trajectory results from the hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (Hysplit-4 model). Results showed that EC, OC and K were the major components of single particles during the three haze pollution periods, which showed clearly increased ratios compared with those in the clean period. Results from the mixing state of secondary species of different types of particles showed that sulfate and nitrate were more readily mixed with carbon-containing particles during haze pollution episodes than in clean periods.     

有限元分析不同形状腐蚀坑水冷壁管的剩余强度

基于ANSYS有限元软件,对含不同形状腐蚀坑水冷壁管剩余强度进行了研究。研究表明,将管壁上腐蚀坑简化为柱状,当腐蚀坑直径和腐蚀深度组合达到?5 mm-80%壁厚、?8 mm-70%壁厚、?12 mm-60%壁厚3种情况时,腐蚀坑直径和腐蚀深度增加则可认为腐蚀区失效;将腐蚀坑简化为球形,当腐蚀坑直径和腐蚀深度达到10H-70%壁厚(H为腐蚀深度)时,腐蚀坑直径或深度增加则可认为腐蚀区域失效;将腐蚀坑简化为矩形,当腐蚀坑尺寸和腐蚀深度达到6H-60%壁厚时,腐蚀深度和尺寸增加会造成腐蚀区域失效。相同尺寸和腐蚀深度的柱形坑、球形坑和矩形坑,球形坑最安全,柱形腐蚀坑最容易失效。     

近距平行跑道配对进近微观跟驰模型研究

配对进近程序可有效提高近距平行跑道容量,是目前国外航空界理论研究热点问题。为提高配对进近程序的安全性,针对近距平行跑道配对进近方式下的跟驰现象,通过量化人为因素及尾流传播特性对配对进近两机纵向距离的影响建立配对进近微观跟驰模型,对影响两机运动状态的因素进行详细分析,提出改进的配对进近安全区计算方法。最后通过算例仿真对安全区变化特点进行分析,采用实际运行数据计算出国内三大机场的近距平行跑道施行配对进近时的有效起始安全区及有地面效应影响时的安全区。     

驾驶人视觉注意力需求与驾驶行为特性的关系

采用驾驶模拟系统平台,以不同车道类型及不同交通流状态(自由流/稳定流/不稳定流/强制流)为虚拟试验场,应用心理试验设计方法,测试得到21名被试在不同交通流状态下的视觉注意力需求及驾驶行为。对5种车道类型及4种交通流状态下被试驾驶时的视觉注意力需求特性和驾驶行为特性数据进行分析,得到不同车道不同交通流状态下的视觉注意力需求变化情况。利用多元回归方法分析了不同交通流状态下驾驶人视觉注意力需求与驾驶行为之间的关系,并构建了基于驾驶行为特性的驾驶人视觉注意力需求预测模型。结果表明,驾驶人视觉注意力需求与制动次数、油门踏板位移和车辆轨迹偏差之间存在相关关系。     

基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度动态评价方法

采用状态Petri网模型对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价,给出了状态Petri网中累积值、加权值、不变值和虚拟值4种不同状态值的计算及表示方法,提出了基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度计算方法。库所的累积值用于计算采矿过程中环境指标的总变化量。加权值主要用于脆弱度的计算。具有不变值的库所在相应的变迁被激发前后状态值均保持不变。没有实际意义的虚拟值在状态Petri网中仅起到逻辑或过渡作用。网结构描述了矿区生态环境脆弱度的组成结构,网系统的运行反映了生态环境脆弱化的状态变化过程,并且将脆弱度的计算融入了状态Petri网的运行中。在案例研究中,绘制了4种修复方案下脆弱度的变化情况曲线,表明该评价方法可以对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价。状态Petri网模型能将矿区生态环境脆弱化过程,以及人工修复和自然修复过程直观形象地展现出来,为预测矿区生态环境脆弱度的变化情况及制定相应的修复方案提供参考。该模型适用于矿山长期开采对生态环境造成破坏过程的建模及计算,而且对矿山的开采过程也不需要作特别的假设限制。     

(Relative) autonomism,policy currents and the politics of mobilisation for food sovereignty in the United States: the case of Occupy the Farm*

Food sovereignty movements (FSMs) globally have sought to rearrange relations between land, power, state actions and societal forces outside the state, towards a new ideal of democratised, egalitarian and ecological food systems. The question of how best to reach this ideal has vexed movements and scholars alike, with many anti-capitalist theorists proposing that because of the historical dedication of states to maintaining unequal and unsustainable capitalist relations, change must be pursued outside and against the state rather than through it (i.e. through “autonomism”). Yet, analysis of FSMs globally shows that autonomism is relative, partial and best seen as an aspirational ideal rather than a fixed dogma. This paper deepens this insight by analysing a case within the United States where a local direct action group promoted food sovereignty by illegally occupying public land. The case shows how even apparently autonomist movements can through influence on state and societal actors contribute to state-based “policy currents” that flow in the direction of food sovereignty. This mutual codetermination by actors in and out of state institutions of the possibility and shape of “policy currents” renders state–society relations as important, even to those interested in (relative) autonomism. This paper thus leaves behind dichotomous interpretations of (and recommendations for) FSMs vis-à-vis autonomism, in order to unpack the influence (in thought) and impact (in action) of autonomist tendencies in food sovereignty construction.     

土地资源、环境与经济发展的协调性评价——以通州市为例

评价系统发展协调性的"协调判别法"是这样一种方法:先为系统的各子系统选择一些有代表性又可用一定指标度量的要素,按一定标准将要素分作满意与不满意两类,统计加总各类要素的数量,以之作为度量用的综合指标,并经归一化处理得各子系统的"状态数";再将这些子系统与一定的"状态空间一对应,在此空间中利用"状态数"确定子系统所属系统的"状态点"及"完全协调线",然后分别计算状态点与协调线的距离(偏离度)、状态点与原点的距离(优化度),借助它们便可评价各子系统发展的同步性及相应系统的协调性.以此方法对通州市由土地利用、自然环境和社会经济3个子系统组成的系统进行的协调性评价表明,"协调判别法"具有含义明确、简单、较客观、易操作、可比性强的特点,适用于评价复杂系统的协调发展问题.     

洱海流域湖泊生态系统健康综合评价与比较

基于2009年5月对洱海及其流域内的海西海、茨碧湖和西湖3个小型湖泊的水环境和浮游生物的调查,采用生态系统健康指数(EHI)和营养状态指数(TSI)法对其生态系统健康状态进行定量综合评价.结果表明:洱海流域湖泊整体处于富营养状态,健康状态较差;各湖泊健康状态存在空间差异:海西海和茨碧湖生态系统健康状态为中等,西湖和洱海健康状态为较差;而洱海湖泊内健康状态同样存在空间差异,北部和中部深水区较其他区域健康状态好.2种评价方法比较表明:洱海流域湖泊属于营养盐和生物量基本上呈正相关的响应型生态系统,生态系统健康指数(EHI)适用于洱海流域的生态系统健康评价.此外,整理分析洱海浮游生物历史数据,同样采用EHI法评价得出近20年来洱海生态系统健康状态呈逐渐恶化趋势,尤其1997年健康状态最差.     

水钠锰矿对几种重金属离子的吸附及其与锰氧化度和吸附位点的关系

矿物表面的吸附位点类型与数量决定了其对重金属离子的吸附特性,但氧化锰矿物的结构变化对表面位点,以及吸附特性的影响并不清楚.本研究通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）、等温吸附等技术和方法对比分析了不同锰氧化度（AOS）酸性水钠锰矿对Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Cd2＋的吸附特点,并探讨了水钠锰矿锰...