南京冬夏硫酸盐和硝酸盐对黑碳混合态的影响

采用单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）结合MARGA在线分析仪对南京地区冬季和夏季黑碳（BC）的质量浓度,以及硫酸盐,硝酸盐对其混合状态的影响进行了研究.结果表明,冬季和夏季南京地区BC质量浓度分别在1.01~14.5μg/m³和0.20~3.81μg/m³之间,均值分别为（4.39±2.66）μg/m³和（1.67±0.76）μg/m³,均呈现早晚高值的双峰型日变化特征.运用相对包裹层厚度D_p/D_c表示BC混合状态,冬季和夏季D_p/D_c分别在1.39~2.34和1.03~1.45之间,均值分别（1.81±0.21）和（1.24±0.08）,D_p/D_c日变化特征与BC相反,冬季D_p/D_c日变化幅度较大.冬季D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较好,D_p/D_c与NO₃^-的相关性高于其与SO₄^2-的相关性,夏季则相反.冬季清洁时期BC以本地源排放为主,其混合状态受硫酸盐和硝酸盐影响较高,冬季重污染时期,受排放源以及区域传输的影响,D_p/D_c与SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的相关性较低.     

时变温度环境下锂离子电池自适应SOC估计方法

目的针对低温环境下锂离子电池特性显著变化问题,为大规模锂离子电池组在极地科考船混合动力系统上的应用提供理论依据,方法对10 Ah高功率三元镍钴锰酸锂电池低温特性展开实验研究,结合实验数据,利用基于遗忘因子的递推最小二乘算法(FFRLS)分别与两种改进的卡尔曼滤波算法(AEKF、UKF)组成的串联观测器在线估计电池荷电状态(SOC)。结果在25～-30℃时变温度环境的改进DST工况下,FFRLS-AEKF算法的SOC估计精度略高于FFRLS-UKF算法,其最大估计误差为3.04%,均方根误差为0.69%。结论相比EKF与RLS-EKF算法,更好的模型参数与噪声信息的自适应性使FFRLS-AEKF算方法有更高的SOC估计精度与收敛性。     

中国新时代自然资源治理体系的理论构想

基于生态文明、高质量发展和国家治理新时代的战略需求,以及国内外自然资源治理发展趋势,对中国新时代自然资源治理的指导思想、基本理念、理论体系、基本原则和目标体系等进行系统解析,对包括调查勘查评估、统计监测核算、开发利用治理、保护修复治理、保障储备治理、市场交易治理、安全预警治理和国际合作治理等在内的中国新时代自然资源治理框架体系进行系统刻画,对包括公平正义制度、资产产权制度、节约集约制度、有偿使用制度、保护修复制度、市场交易制度、统计核算制度、多元储备制度、国际合作制度和治理监督制度在内的中国特色自然资源治理制度体系进行系统解构。研究结论与观点对于提高中国自然资源治理体系与能力现代化建设水平具有重要参考价值。     

北京市远郊冬季铵盐颗粒物的单颗粒质谱研究

2016年冬季使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）于在北京市平谷区西柏店村进行大气颗粒物的在线观测.以m/z18[NH₄]⁺为特征离子提取含铵盐颗粒物,分析其时间变化特征、粒径分布、化学组分、混合状态和可能来源.含铵盐颗粒物约占观测期间所有颗粒物的31%,分为NH₄-OC（49.9%）,NH₄-EC（5.6%）,NH₄-ECOC（8.9%）,NH₄-HOC（1.4%）,NH₄-K（9.3%）,NH₄-NaK（21.7%）和NH₄-FeK（2.5%）7种主要类别.铵盐主要以硫酸铵、硫酸氢铵和硝酸铵的形态存在,且更易于和含碳类物质发生内混.煤炭和生物质燃烧是铵盐颗粒物的主要来源.后向轨迹分析表明,清洁期气团主要来自采样点北方和西北方的长距离传输,灰霾期气团主要来自西北向的区域传输.潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）表明含铵盐颗粒物主要来自本地和周边区域的排放,以及西北方向的长距离传输.     

海水溶解组分复合作用对磺胺吡啶光解的影响

为研究海水环境中共存的溶解性物质的复合效应对抗生素光解的影响,以磺胺吡啶为模型化合物,采用响应面法（RSM）研究了海水环境中代表性溶解性物质（溶解性有机质（DOM）、HCO₃^-、NO₃^-和Cl^-）的复合效应对磺胺吡啶光解动力学的影响.结果表明在P <0.05显著性水平,DOM和HCO₃^--NO₃^-是影响磺胺吡啶光解的显著因素.HCO₃^-淬灭NO₃^-光诱导形成的·OH致使HCO₃^--NO₃^-相互作用抑制磺胺吡啶光解.自由基淬灭实验证实DOM促进磺胺吡啶光解主要是由其激发三重态DOM（³DOM^*）诱导.DOM小分子类似物（芳香酮类）稳态光化学实验发现磺胺吡啶的光解速率常数（k）的对数与³DOM^*的氧化电势呈现正相关,同时研究也发现SAs的最低未占据轨道和最高占据轨道能级差影响SAs与³DOM^*的反应活性.     

动态安全评价方法在建筑领域的应用设想

建筑施工现场是较易发生伤亡事故的地方，全面推行安全评价工作势在必行。在安全评价中引进动态安全评价方法如动态故障树分析方法更符合建筑施工的实际。     

火电厂SO2污染排放控制方法探讨

从国家对火力发电锅炉SO2污染排放标准和SO2排放总量控制的角度入手，分析了我国目前可选择的SO2污染排放控制方法；指出循环流化床锅炉、烟气湿法和喷雾干燥法为当前我国火电厂应采取的脱硫控制方法。     

FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT NEEDS PECULIAR TO ARID CLIMATES1

ABSTRACT: Many practices followed uniformly nationwide in the federal flood control and floodplain management programs are inappropriate or even counter productive in the arid Utah climate. An analysis of the 130-year Utah flood history, the structural and nonstructural flood programs in the state, and local perceptions obtained by field visits and interviews in 35 Utah communities revealed a number of such inefficiencies. Since flood flows dissipate quickly when they emerge from mountain watersheds onto desert lowlands, risks are concentrated near the apex of alluvial fans, include hazard from mud as well as water flow, and are compounded by canal interception of flood waters. Because of variation in the area flooded from one event to the next, floodplain mapping has tended to show risks too high in mapped areas and too low outside. Traditional channelization carries floods downstream past where they would dissipate naturally. The federal government needs to become more active in developing better flood hazard delineation and structural and nonstructural designs for arid areas. State government can help by providing a forum where communities can exchange experiences, reviewing structural designs prepared by local government, and providing local communities with technical expertise for dealing with federal agencies.     

APPLICATIONS OF A STEADY-STATE,ONE-DIMENSIONAL WATER QUALITY MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A steady-state, one-dimensional water quality model has been formulated to evaluate spatial variations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen for nontidal, branched river systems, with point sources of treated wastes and uniform nonpoint-source loads, under aerobic and/or anaerobic stream conditions. For anaerobic conditions, the decay rate of organic matter is assumed to be limited by the rate of oxygen addition to the streams via stream reaeration and net algal photosynthesis and respiration contributions. The model is applicable to stream impact analysis under sustained wet weather conditions, during which storm-runoff loads are generated by storms of sufficiently long duration to approach steady state in the river system.     

Regional Lake Trophic Patterns in the Northeastern United States: Three Approaches

N   = 11,076). Results were compared to a large, nonrandomly sampled data set for the same area compiled by Rohm and others and contrasted with lake trophic state information published in the National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress [305(b) report. Lakes across the entire Northeast were identified by EMAP data as 37.9% (±8.4%) oligotrophic, 40.1% (±9.7%) mesotrophic, 12.6% (±7.9%) eutrophic, and 9.3% (±6.3%) hypereutrophic. Lakes in the ADI and NEU generally are at a low, nearly identical trophic state (96% oligotrophic/mesotrophic), while those in the CLP are much richer (45% eutrophic). EMAP results are similar to results of the Rohm data set across the entire region. In the CLP, however, EMAP identified approximately 45% of the lakes as eutrophic/hypereutrophic, while the Rohm data set identified only 21% in these categories. Across the entire Northeast, the 305(b) report identified a much higher proportion (32.2%) of lakes in eutrophic condition and a much smaller proportion (19.8%) in oligotrophic condition than did the EMAP survey data (12.5% ± 7.9% and 37.9% ± 8.5%, respectively). Probability sampling has several advantages over nonrandom sampling when regional resource condition assessment is the goal.