Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries

In order to characterize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission from steel and iron industries, this study measured the stack emission of twelve steel and iron plants in southern Taiwan to construct a set of source fingerprints. The study sampled the emissions by the USEPA's sampling method 5 with the modification of Graseby for the gas and particulate phase PAH and, then, used Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer detector to analyze the samples. The steel and iron industries are classified into three categories on the basis of auxiliary energy source: Category I uses coal as fuel, Category II uses heavy oil as fuel and Category III uses electric arc furnace. The pollution source profiles are obtained by averaging the ratios of individual PAH concentrations to the total concentration of 21 PAHs and total particulate matter measured in this study. Results of the study show that low molecular weight PAHs are predominant in gas plus particulate phase for all three categories. For particulate phase PAHs, however, the contribution of large molecular weight compounds increases. Two-ring PAHs account for the majority of the mass, varying from 84% to 92% with an average of 89%. The mass fractions of 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-ring PAHs in Category I are found to be more than those of the other two categories. The mass of Category III is dominated by 7-ring PAHs. Large (or heavy) molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) are carcinogenic. Over all categories, these compounds are less than 1% of the total-PAH mass on the average. The indicatory PAHs are benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene for Category I, benzo[a]pyrene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene for Category II and coronene, pyrene, benzo[b]chrycene for Category III. The indicatory PAHs among categories are very different. Thus, dividing steel and iron industry into categories by auxiliary fuel is to increase the precision of estimation by a receptor model. Average total-PAH emission factors for coal, heavy oil and electric arc furnace were 4050 μg/kg-coal, 5750 μg/l-oil, 2620 μg/kW h, respectively. Carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene for gas plus particulate phase was 2.0 g/kg-coal, 2.4 μg/l-oil and 1.4 μg/kW h for Category I, II and III, respectively.     

Geochemistry of soil around a fluoride contaminated area in Nayagarh District,Orissa, India: Factor analytical appraisal

Fluoride contamination in soil was studied in the vicinity of a hot spring in Nayagarh district of Orissa. Both bulk soil from 0 to 30 cm depth and profile soils from 0 to 90 cm depth were analyzed for total fluoride (F_t) and 0.01 M CaCl₂ extractable fluoride (F_ca), major elements, pH, EC and Organic Carbon (OC). High concentrations of both F_t and F_ca were observed in the area surrounding the hot spring and the village of Singhpur. Principal factor analysis (PFA) on the parameters of the bulk soils suggests that two major chemical processes due to three factors, control the soil geochemistry of the area. Factor-1 contributes 37.11% of the total variance and is strongly loaded with Al, Si, Fe, F_tand F_ca, and explains the fluoride enrichment of the soil, whereas the second and the third factors contribute 16.6 and 12.2%, respectively and explain the controlling process of carbonate precipitation and soil alkalinity. Multiple regression analysis of the scores of the factors was performed to derive a fluoride contamination index in soil. The magnitude of the factor effect on the contamination index follows the order of Factor-1 > Factor-2 > Factor-3. The spatial distribution of the contamination index is used to classify the area into highly contaminated, moderately contaminated and uncontaminated zones.     

燕麦对盐碱胁迫的反应和适应性

研究了自然盐碱胁迫对燕麦植株生长、水势、渗透调节物质质量分数以及对K 、Na 选择性吸收的影响,结果表明,随着土壤盐碱胁迫的增强燕麦植株生长受抑,叶片和根系的水势较对照均有所降低,其中裸燕麦较皮燕麦水势下降幅度大,表明裸燕麦比皮燕麦对盐碱胁迫更敏感。燕麦叶片内脯氨酸和可溶性糖累积。随着土壤盐碱胁迫的增强植株对Na 的吸收增加,对K 的吸收受到抑制,从而使w(Na )/w(K )和SNa K 值升高。在盐碱胁迫下,燕麦是以合成和积累有机溶质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)以及吸收和积累无机离子(Na )来进行渗透调节,以适应盐碱胁迫。     

镧、锌及其交互作用对浮萍活性氧清除系统的影响

以浮萍(Lemnaminor)为材料,研究La、Zn及其交互作用对体内活性氧清除系统的影响,单独施加20mg·L-1的La或Zn对浮萍都有明显的伤害作用,且Zn的毒性远大于La。La、Zn复合处理不同程度地减弱各自的毒性,表现为植株叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降减缓;谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(AsA)含量提高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增强;过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低。各处理对浮萍的毒性由大到小的顺序依次为:Zn、La、Zn+La。     

Bayesian testing for trend in a power model for clustered binary data

Developmental toxicity studies are widely used to investigate the potential risk of environmental hazards. In dose–response experiments, subjects are randomly allocated to groups receiving various dose levels. Tests for trend are then often applied to assess possible dose effects. Recent techniques for risk assessment in this area are based on fitting dose–response models. The complexity of such studies implies a number of non-trivial challenges for model development and the construction of dose-related trend tests, including the hierarchical structure of the data, litter effects inducing extra variation, the functional form of the dose–response curve, the adverse event at dam or at fetus level, the inference paradigm, etc. The purpose of this paper is to propose a Bayesian trend test based on a non-linear power model for the dose effect and using an appropriate model for clustered binary data. Our work is motivated by the analysis of developmental toxicity studies, in which the offspring of exposed and control rodents are examined for defects. Simulations show the performance of the method over a number of samples generated under typical experimental conditions.     

甜椒穴盘苗对不同程度水分胁迫-复水的生理生化响应

对温室甜椒穴盘苗进行水分处理,探讨了不同程度水分胁迫-复水过程中叶片生理生化特性的变化.叶片相对含水量(RWC)、渗透势随基质水分减少而降低,渗调能力逐步增强.POD、SOD、CAT酶活性随水分减少而上升,SOD对水分胁迫最敏感,复水后主要由POD、CAT负责清除H2O2和过氧化物.游离氨基酸、脯氨酸随基质水分减少急剧上升,复水后大幅下降,可能为水分胁迫下主要渗透调节物质.水分胁迫下,甜椒叶片可溶性蛋白主要降解为氨基酸的形式参与渗透调节.RWC降至45%(停水后d3)时,可溶性糖显著积累,但明显晚于氨基酸,但它基础含量高,主要在较为严重的水分胁迫时发挥作用.尽管水分胁迫使保护酶活性和渗透调节能力均提高,但任何程度的胁迫均不可避免伤害幼苗.穴盘苗生产中,建议“水分胁迫锻炼”时间以不超过3d逐步达到RWC≥45%为宜.图4表2参12     

成都市大气颗粒污染物与气象要素的关系

通过对2004年成都市API指数及API>100日数百分数的再分析,探讨了大气颗粒物污染季节分布、区域分布状况与气象要素的相互关系,并尝试用因子分析法研究了污染物浓度年际变化与气象因子的关系。研究表明,大气污染的季节分布为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季;API>100时数百分数的季节变化状况为春季>冬季>秋季>夏季,区域分布为城西北>城东>城北>城中心>城东南>城西>城南。城市发展对风向的改变比较明显,对风速的改变不明显。大气颗粒污染物年际变化与气象因子的相关性研究表明,PM10浓度与SO2、NOX、湿度、气压呈正相关,与风速、蒸发量、温度呈负相关关系。     

关键环境因子对嗜肺军团菌(Legionella pneumophila)在嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)细胞内增殖的影响

嗜肺军团菌是一种生活在人工水环境中的条件性致病菌,环境条件对该菌的存活和胞内增殖具有重要的影响.本文用作者建立的军团菌-四膜虫模型,研究了空调水池水、Fe3 和感染温度3种关键性环境因子对嗜肺军团菌在嗜热四膜虫宿主细胞内增殖的影响.结果发现,尽管空调水中Fe3 浓度大大低于培养基中的Fe3 浓度,但适合嗜肺军团菌在嗜热四膜虫宿主胞内的存活和增殖;感染缓冲液中的Fe3 能够被嗜热四膜虫富集,并被胞内的军团菌加以利用,缓冲液中浓度0.05×10-6的Fe3 即可显著促进胞内军团菌的增殖,但0.1×10-6和0.5×10-6的Fe3 促进军团菌胞内增殖的效果差异不显著;较高的温度对军团菌的胞内增殖也有明显促进作用,35℃时,即使感染复数等于10,军团菌也可进行胞内复制扩增,并最终裂解宿主细胞.图7表1参17     

冬季广州大气能见度影响因子分析

于2005年12月至2006年2月收集了华南所大气观测站大气能见度等7个气象因子及PM2.5浓度观测数据,分析了冬季广州大气能见度变化趋势及灰霾天气主要影响因子,并对能见度与主要影响因子进行相关性分析。结果发现:人为因素和气象条件对大气能见度的影响比较明显,当大气层结受到北方冷空气扰动后,能见度得到明显改善;1月份灰霾天气出现频率高达60.9%,灰霾天气下大气能见度与PM2.5浓度密切相关;大气能见度与PM2.5浓度、温度、相对湿度呈负相关性,与大气压呈正相关性;灰霾天气下大气能见度还与细颗粒物的粒径分布密切相关。     

低磷胁迫下木豆利用磷的基因型差异及其机制

以木豆[Cajanus Cajan(L.)Millsp]MD2、MD5、MD7为材料,采用水培试验方法研究了木豆对磷的吸收、利用的基因型差异及其机理。结果表明:低磷(P1 μmol·L-1)胁迫下,木豆对磷素的吸收和利用效率存在明显的基因型差异,其中MD2、MD7属于磷素吸收、利用效率较强的基因型,而MD5为磷素效率较低的基因型。低磷培养16d后,磷高效的基因型的根/冠比显著增加,根分泌的酸性磷酸酶(APA)活性较高,说明木豆对磷素的吸收效率与植株的根冠比及根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性有关。在低磷胁迫下,虽然MD7、MD2的含磷量较低,但是磷素利用效率和根尖中APA活性较高,说明根中高APA活性是磷利用效率高的重要原因之一。