RESEARCH ISSUES IN FOREST HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores a range of forest hydrology issues and identifies my concepts of the field's most pressing research needs. I extend the topic to include teaching and education in the broader sense because current teaching is usually part of the researcher's portfolio and because education involves that of both the research scientist and a broader audience. I consider the primary research, education, and service roles of the forest hydrologist also within a range of domains or, as I prefer to identify them, scales: (1) the molecular or pore level; (2) hydrological process; (3) watershed function; (4) global considerations, and (5) the human dimension which, while not actually a scale itself, embraces, is important to, and is affected by the first four. All are topics screaming for attention by researchers, educators, and practitioners. I shall here focus on the middle three.     

流域农业面源污染生态工程调控措施

农业面源污染是导致目前流域水环境质量恶化的重要原因。文章从流域水环境状况、农业面源污染现状出发,结合面源污染的特点和研究发展历程,重点探讨了流域农业面源污染生态工程调控的可行性。     

农田土壤中的磷向水体释放的风险评价

通过对比土壤的固磷能力和磷素水平可以评估不同类型土壤中的磷向水体释放的风险。研究表明，磷吸持指数（SI）可以作为土壤最大吸磷量的替代指标来表征土壤的固磷能力。在太湖地区，影响水土界面磷素迁移能力的主要因素是土壤有效磷水平和土壤固磷能力。SI值30左右为一临界值，SI大于此值的土壤对于施磷具有较大的缓冲能力，而SI低于此值的土壤对施磷非常敏感，磷流失风险将随施磷量的增加而呈直线上升趋势。     

基于流域分析方法的湖泊水污染综合防治研究

鉴于流域思想在水污染防治中应用的重要性和必要性,提出了以流域保护方法、流域分析和景观生态学相关理论为基础的流域分析方法该方法将湖泊-流域水污染综合防治的主要内容界定为4部分:子流域划分与污染负荷预测,"源-途径-末端-汇"的污染防治工程和管理方案体系设计,备选技术方案的提出和方案优选,污染负荷的削减率计算和综合方案设计.以四川省邛海流域为例,在将流域划分为6个子流域的基础上,对TP入湖污染负荷进行了计算和预测,并识别出各子流域内污染物的贡献率,分区提出了以水土流失防治、点源和面源控制、河道生态修复、河流入湖口治理和内源疏浚为主体的污染防治方案,该方案可削减TP 22.5 t·a-1,达到了预期目标.     

Upstream-downstream cooperation approach in Guanting Reservoir watershed

A case study is introduced and discussed concerning water dispute of misuse and pollution between up- and down-stream parts. The relations between water usage and local industrial structures are analyzed. Results show it is important to change industrial structures of the target region along with controlling water pollution by technical and engineering methods. Three manners of upstream-downstream cooperation are presented and discussed based on the actual conditions of Guangting Reservoir watershed. Two typical scenarios are supposed and studied along with the local plan on water resources development. The best solution for this cooperation presents a good way to help the upstream developing in a new pattern of eco-economy.     

Seasonal Fluctuation in Heavy Metal Pollution in Iran´s Siahroud River - A Preliminary Study (7 pp)

Background The management of its available water resources has become a key issue for Iran. During the last few decades, the water quality of Siahroud River in the coastal plain of the Caspian Sea in Gilan Province in Northern Iran has significantly degraded. The scarcity of water has been compounded by rapid population growth and increasing pollution from fertilizers, pesticides, and municipal and industrial wastes. One of the sources of this degradation is the movement of heavy metals from the river's watershed into the various water systems supported by the river, including the water system for Rasht City. Methods To study the magnitude of heavy metal pollution in the Siahroud River, seven heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Ni were measured in duplicate from replicated water samples collected over five consecutive seasons and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. In situ measurements of pH were taken with the samples and total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed by IR gas measurement. Results The results demonstrated that four of the seven heavy metals including Pb, Fe, Cd, and Mn exceeded permissible safe levels as established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Multivariate factor analysis suggested that industrial land-use was the main contributing factor for the high levels of Fe and Mn in the Siahroud River, whereas, Cd was principly from agricultural activities in the watershed. The data also suggested that pH and TOC had an important role in the behaviour of Pb and Mn, and that the elevated levels of these two heavy metals in Siahroud River was the consequence of other anthropogenic sources. Only negligible levels of Zn, Cu and Ni were detected. Finally, all the sampling stations were subjected to cluster analysis. The results indicated that three different zones could be distinguished according to the levels of pollution. In addition, it was shown that the urban areas did not have a significant impact on the heavy metal pollution in the river. This observation stems from the fact that the data from the sampling stations before and after Rasht City were not significantly different. Recommendation . Preventive measures need to be undertaken in the land-use systems and watersheds of the Siahroud River to reduce the pollution levels of Pb, Cd, Mn and Fe.     

重庆远郊丰都雪玉洞流域大气无机氮湿沉降变化特征与来源分析

以重庆市远郊的丰都雪玉洞流域为研究对象,利用气象站和大气氮沉降仪获取2015年7月~2017年12月的大气降水、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N等数据,通过NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N比以及气团后向轨迹模拟探讨了流域大气无机氮湿沉降来源.结果表明:(1)在观测期内,流域DIN总沉降通量为21.37×103kg·a-1,单位面积沉降通量为14.25 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N分别为7.72 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和6.53 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),分别占DIN湿沉降量的54%和46%;(2)DIN湿沉降通量和浓度表现出明显的季节变化,春夏季DIN湿沉降量比秋冬季节高50%,而秋冬季湿沉降的DIN浓度比春夏季高30%;(3)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N介于0.29~2.27之间,雨季(4月~9月)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N1,旱季(10月~次年3月)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N1,表明流域雨季DIN湿沉降主要来源农业源,旱季主要来源于城市源;(4)流域雨季主要受东南风的影响,大气湿沉降的NH_4~+-N来源于当地与流域东南方向的农业源,旱季主要受西南风影响,大气湿沉降的NO_3~--N来源于流域西南方向的重庆市区和涪陵等城市源.     

AnnAGNPS模型在潋水河流域产水、产沙的模拟评价

日益严重的土壤侵蚀造成了土地退化、水体污染等一系列的环境和生态问题,利用基于过程的数学模型已成为流域土壤侵蚀状况定量评价和控制的有效方法.利用美国农业部开发的流域尺度AnnAGNPS模型,设计了基于地形特征的cell离散方案,在多种地理数据采集和参数化的基础上,对江西兴国潋水河流域1991～2005年的径流、产沙过程进行了分布式计算机模拟.在对产水量进行径流滤波分析的基础上,分别对模型模拟的地表径流和产沙量进行了校正和验证.地表径流模拟结果多年平均相对误差为11.8%,确定性系数R2为0.94,产沙量模拟结果的多年平均相对误差为19.71%,确定性系数R2为0.77.表明AnnAGNPS能较好地模拟潋水流域年、月尺度的地表径流和产沙过程.地下径流模拟结果误差较大,其原因和地下径流模拟模块在潋水流域的适用性有待进一步研究检验.对潋水流域土壤侵蚀定量分析表明,潋水流域的年平均侵蚀模数为1 150.29.t(km2.a)-1,属于轻度侵蚀等级,流域内侵蚀较严重的区域集中分布于居民地附近和公路沿线,其水土流失与人类活动有很大关系.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤有机碳与环境因素的关系

研究不同环境要素共同作用下的土壤有机碳分布特征及其与环境因素的关系对于全面准确评估黄土高原地区土壤有机碳状况和土壤碳循环具有重要意义.结合野外调查和室内分析,研究了黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域土壤不同组分有机碳分布特征及其与地形条件、土地利用方式和土壤类型之间的关系.结果表明,黄土沟壑区小流域土壤总有机碳变异较小(变异系数为34%),高活性有机碳变异较大(变异系数为43%),有机碳的变异性随其活性的增强而增大.各组分有机碳之间极显著正相关,而且在不同环境条件下的含量顺序一致.各组分有机碳在不同地形条件下以塬面土壤最高,沟道土壤最低:在不同土地利用方式下以林地和农田土壤较高,草地土壤较低;在不同土壤类型中则以黑垆土最高,红土最低.不同环境条件下各组分有机碳之间的关系分析表明,环境条件不但直接影响有机碳的分布,还通过影响有机碳不同组分之间的关系来改变其分布特征.研究区总有机碳与活性有机碳之问的关系受环境条件影响最大,中活性与高活性有机碳之间的关系受环境条件影响最小.     

滇池流域花卉蔬菜废弃物对湖泊水质影响的模拟研究

选择流域内6种代表性的蔬菜、花卉秸秆,研究其对滇池水质的影响。结果表明：在相同水平的秸秆投加量下,TN、TP负荷量在秸秆投入水中约45d和30d左右均达到最大值,花卉秸秆在水体中TN、TP的总释放量明显高于蔬菜秸秆;水体TN、TP含量与秸秆投加量均成显著正相关。花卉、蔬菜秸秆进入滇池水后的最大潜在污染负荷量分别为：花卉秸秆的TN污染负荷为54.11g/kg,TP污染负荷为23.19g/kg;蔬菜秸秆的TN污染负荷为41.16g/kg,TP污染负荷为13.56g/kg。随意弃置堆放的花卉蔬菜秸秆对滇池水体可能存在的潜在面源污染负荷TN、TP极大值分别为12815.43 t和5290.51 t。