Hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress in Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation

Oxidative stress parameters and some antioxidant defense systems in the liver of Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation (Roundup®) have been studied. Fish were exposed to glyphosate and its formulation at concentrations of 0.032, 0.16, 0.8, and 4.0 mg L^?1, all calculated on glyphosate basis, for 11 days. Hydroxyl radical generation as determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy of its spin-adduct with α-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone increased with the concentration of Roundup®. Superoxide dismutase activities were decreased relative to control by 21%–46% when exposed to glyphosate and 45%–52% when exposed to Roundup®, suggesting that the formulation is more toxic than glyphosate alone. Catalase showed no difference between both groups.     

氧活性粒子脱除烟气中SO2的实验研究

为了解决目前气体电离放电脱硫方法存在的等离子源体积庞大、能耗高、以及需要依靠传统脱硫方法的协同作用等问题.拟用小流量高浓度氧活性粒子[O2+、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3]及引发剂HO2-分别注入烟道中,与烟气中H2O反应生成·OH;在无吸收剂、无催化剂及没有其他技术协同作用下,进行·OH氧化脱除大烟气量中的微量SO2并生成H2SO4的实验.结果表明:烟气温度为30℃,氧活性粒子与SO2摩尔比为3~4时,脱硫率达到94.6%,回收酸液中SO42-浓度达到9.3g/L.     

珠江三角洲典型过程VOCs的平均浓度与化学反应活性

分析了珠江三角洲秋季VOCs在相对污染与清洁情况下的日变化特征.污染情况下的VOCs质量浓度可达清洁情况下的2.2倍,污染富集的是甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、正丁烷、戊烷、丙烷、乙炔、乙烯等物种.自然排放的异戊二烯具有早晚浓度低而白天浓度高的日变化规律,体现植物的光合作用特征;而人类活动污染排放的甲苯其日变化规律基本反映了气象条件与污染源排放日变化的影响,在相对污染情况下早上出现明显的污染富集,午后出现污染低值.反应活性较强的物质主要是烯烃(反式-2-丁烯、异戊二烯、顺2-戊烯)与芳香烃(间对-二甲苯、甲苯);烯烃的质量百分比最低,却占最高的化学反应活性百分比.     

重庆市VOCs浓度特征和关键活性组分

2015年8月22日至9月26日利用在线GC-MS/FID和离线Canister-GCMS/FID采样并分析了重庆城区7个监测点位的96种VOCs,结果表明,城区总挥发性有机化合物平均体积分数为42.43×10-9,且空间分布特征为"中心城区高,周边低"。重庆本地高乙烷、高乙烯和高乙炔浓度呈区域污染现象,且城市监测点位主要受交通源、工业排放和溶剂挥发的影响,缙云山站则主要以生物源排放为主。重庆市城区气团的OH自由基反应速率平均值为8.86×10-12cm3/(mol·s),最大反应增量活性平均值为4.08 mol/mol,与乙烯相当,说明本地大气化学反应活性较强。重庆城区对OH自由基损耗速率贡献最大的组分是烯/炔烃(35%),对臭氧生成潜势贡献最大的组分是芳香烃(39%)。乙醛、乙烯和甲苯等物质是VOCs的关键活性组分。     

对氯苯甲酸用于测量OH#方法探讨1.机理研究

对氯苯甲酸被用于臭氧氧化过程中羟基自由基的测量,为了检验对氯苯甲酸是否在测量过程中出现误差,进行了臭氧氧化对氯苯甲酸的间歇实验和半连续实验.结果表明,中性条件下间歇试验中,对氯苯甲酸可以强烈促进臭氧分解,它促进臭氧分解的能力比典型的促进剂甲酸和甲醇高10倍.半连续试验的结果进一步表明,臭氧氧化对氯苯甲酸时,可以形成中间产物过氧化氢,过氧化氢能和臭氧反应,形成大量的OH.,从而改变O3/OH.的链式反应,导致采用对氯苯甲酸测量OH.时出现误差.     

化工生产过程中活性危害识别

讨论了化工生产过程中活性危害的基本概念、识别方法和步骤,并以苯胺生产装置为例,利用文中提出的方法和程序进行活性危害识别.     

对氯苯甲酸用于测量OH#方法探讨2.误差分析

对氯苯甲酸用于测量臭氧氧化过程中产生的OH.浓度时会产生误差.为了研究误差的大小,进行了臭氧的间歇实验,以测量臭氧分解速率常数k.通过对比乙二酸、甲苯和腐殖酸溶液中投加对氯苯甲酸前后k值的变化,判断投加的对氯苯甲酸是否能引起测量误差及误差大小.试验结果表明,含清除剂少的水样,对氯苯甲酸测量OH.浓度时会引起很大的误差.在对氯苯甲酸捕获率小于10%的水样中,对氯苯甲酸测量OH.时产生的误差小.在捕获率大于20%的水样中,采用对氯苯甲酸测量OH.会产生较大误差,不能用来测量OH.浓度.     

低浓度CS2废气的光降解研究及工艺设计

利用185～253.7 nm紫外光联合降解低浓度二硫化碳废气.结果表明,在一定的气体浓度、流速以及湿度下,该技术能够有效降解二硫化碳使其浓度低于人的嗅阈值,同时研究也发现,该技术对苯乙烯和甲苯二甲苯等有机废气也有同样的处理效果,具有很好的工业化应用前景.     

Identification and quantification of products formed via photolysis of decabromodiphenyl ether

Background, aim, and scope  Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is used as an additive flame retardant in polymers. It has become a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, particularly abundant in abiotic media, such as sediments, air, and dust, and also present in wildlife and in humans. The main DecaBDE constituent, perbrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), is susceptible to transformations as observed in experimental work. This work is aimed at identifying and assessing the relative amounts of products formed after UV irradiation of BDE-209. Materials and methods  BDE-209, dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol, or combinations of methanol/water, was exposed to UV light for 100 or 200 min. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (electron ionization) for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), methoxylated PBDEs, and phenolic PBDE products. Results  The products formed were hexaBDEs to nonaBDEs, monoBDFs to pentaBDFs, and methoxylated tetraBDFs to pentaBDFs. The products found in the fraction containing halogenated phenols were assigned to be pentabromophenol, dihydroxytetrabromobenzene, dihydroxydibromodibenzofuran, dihydroxytribromodibenzofuran, and dihydroxytetrabromodibenzofuran. The PBDEs accounted for approximately 90% of the total amount of substances in each sample and the PBDFs for about 10%. Discussion  BDE-209 is a source of PBDEs primarily present in OctaBDEs but also to some extent in PentaBDEs, both being commercial products now banned within the EU and in several states within the USA. It is notable that OH-PBDFs have not been identified or indicated in any of the photolysis studies performed to date. Formation of OH-PBDFs, however, may occur as pure radical reactions in the atmosphere. Conclusions  Photolysis of decaBDE yields a wide span of products, from nonaBDEs to hydroxylated bromobenzenes. It is evident that irradiation of decaBDE in water and methanol yields OH-PBDFs and MeO-PBDFs, respectively. BDE-202 (2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octabromodiphenyl ether) is identified as a marker of BDE-209 photolysis. Recommendations and perspectives  BDE-209, the main constituent of DecaBDE, is primarily forming debrominated diphenyl ethers with higher persistence which are more bioaccumulative than the starting material when subjected to UV light. Hence, DecaBDE should be considered as a source of these PBDE congeners in the environment. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Comparison of Diuron degradation by direct UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes

The rates of Diuron elimination by some advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fe(III)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV, Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2) have been compared. Experiments have been conducted at pH=2.3+/-0.1 with a batch reactor equipped with a low-pressure mercury lamp emitting mainly at 253.7nm. Data obtained under the following experimental conditions ([H(2)O(2)](0)=10(-3)M, [Diuron](0)=5x10(-5)M and [Fe(III)](0)=10(-3)M) have shown that rates of Diuron oxidation were higher with the systems Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV and Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) than with Fe(III)/UV and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2). On the other hand, Fe(III)/UV was found to be very efficient in mineralization of Diuron solution in comparison to direct UV photolysis. The experimental results showed that radical ()OH is the major pathway in the process of Diuron degradation.