两种垃圾焚烧炉灰渣的重金属成分与放射性检测

对8种重金属As、Hg、Mn、Cr、Cu、Cd、Co、Ni和Pb在两种垃圾焚烧炉灰渣中的浓度分布,浸出毒性及放射性进行检测.样品(炉渣和飞灰)分别取自北京(循环流化床焚烧炉CFBI)和深圳(炉排焚烧炉)两台不同燃烧方式的垃圾焚烧炉.研究表明,CFBI炉渣及飞灰中的重金属As、Mn、Cu、Cd、Co含量在炉渣中含量最低,中灰次之,飞灰中含量最高.重金属Hg在炉渣和飞灰中的含量相当,在中灰中的含量最低;Cr和Ni在炉渣中的含量也偏高,在中灰和飞灰中的含量相当Pb含量依中灰、炉渣和飞灰的顺序逐渐升高.浸出毒性检测结果显示,循环流化床垃圾焚烧后炉渣及飞灰中的重金属浸出毒性远低于国家标准1～2个量级,重金属总体排放量较低.炉排炉垃圾焚烧的炉渣及飞灰中的重金属含量却高很多,尤其是Cr、Pb、Cd和Cu.放射性检测结果表明,两种焚烧所产生的灰渣放射性均低于国家标准.在排放时无需作任何放射性方面的处理.最后,对焚烧灰渣的稳定化技术进行了讨论.     

基于中国风能资源专业观测网的近地层风切变日变化特征

以中国风能资源专业观测网2009年5至10月10~120 m的梯度风观测数据分析了全国近地层风切变特征,结果表明:①风切变总体呈现规律性变化趋势,即:日出前和日落后切变指数较大,随着近地层温度升高,切变指数逐渐下降,近地层温度达到最高时,切变指数达到最低值,后随着日落、地面温度下降,切变指数逐渐上升,直到次日日出、日落周期;②因局地海(湖)陆分布的差异以及下垫面粗糙程度的不同,切变指数在各地的变化可归纳为如下几种类型:典型陆地型、海陆效应差异型、湖(河)陆效应差异型、特殊地形(峡谷)型、切变指数偏大型和特殊型;③从不同梯度间的风切变特征来看,低层(30 m附近)较为明显,而中高层(50 m和70 m)较小,说明30 m高度为我国近地层风速变化较为明显的层次。该研究资料序列短,可能在反映全国近地层风切变特征的普适性方面还存在一定的不足,但仍可作为我国风能资源丰富区近地层不同梯度间风切变分布和变化特征的重要参考,期望通过该研究的开展为风电场的布设及近地面层风能资源的利用提供技术依据。     

Occupational exposure to natural radioactivity in a zircon sand milling plant

Raw zirconium sand is one of the substances (naturally occurring radioactive material, NORM) which is widely used in the ceramic industry. This sand contains varying concentrations of natural radionuclides: mostly U-238 but also Th-232 and U-235, together with their daughters, and therefore may need to be regulated by Directive 96/29/EURATOM. This paper describes the method used to perform the radiological study on a zircon sand milling plant and presents the results obtained. Internal and external doses were evaluated using radioactivity readings from sand, airborne dust, intermediate materials and end products. The results on total effective dose show the need for this type of industry to be carefully controlled, since values near to 1 mSv were obtained.     

祁连山青海云杉群落物种组成及α多样性垂直分布

通过对祁连山自然保护区青海云杉群落物种组成及α多样性垂直分布格局的研究,结果表明：祁连山自然保护区青海云杉群落内有维管植物25科51属96种,其中乔木4种,灌木29种,草本62种;植物种相对集中分布于海拔2 680～2 890 m的阴坡;随海拔梯度升高,群落内植物种数减少,且相邻样地的共有种数呈不明显的先减少而后增加的趋势,Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数呈降低趋势;不同林型的植物种的丰富度依次为：青海云杉混交林〉草类-青海云杉林〉苔藓-青海云杉林〉灌木-青海云杉林〉马先蒿-青海云杉林。     

新旧版GB6566《建筑材料放射性核素限量》比较研究

为了方便检测机构、消费者和企业理解掌握新版GB6566-2010标准内容,笔者对与旧标准相比的主要变化、标准具体内容进行了归纳整理,并对实际应用中应注意的问题加以解析。     

膜组合工艺对地下水中铀的去除及其微生物群落特征

含铀地下水因具有放射性和化学毒性对人类健康构成严重威胁,常规工艺有时无法有效去除地下水铀故需增加处理工艺以满足饮用水水质要求.以我国某地膜组合工艺处理工程为研究对象,监测了6个月运行过程中铀去除效果及常规水质参数,并对各工艺阶段出水及生物膜进行样品采集.结合水质分析与高通量测序探讨了不同工艺段出水水质参数变化,微生物群...     

A method for determining the analytical form of a radionuclide depth distribution using multiple gamma spectrometry measurements

When characterizing environmental radioactivity, whether in the soil or within concrete building structures undergoing remediation or decommissioning, it is highly desirable to know the radionuclide depth distribution. This is typically modeled using continuous analytical expressions, whose forms are believed to best represent the true source distributions. In situ gamma ray spectroscopic measurements are combined with these models to fully describe the source. Currently, the choice of analytical expressions is based upon prior experimental core sampling results at similar locations, any known site history, or radionuclide transport models. This paper presents a method, employing multiple in situ measurements at a single site, for determining the analytical form that best represents the true depth distribution present. The measurements can be made using a variety of geometries, each of which has a different sensitivity variation with source spatial distribution. Using non-linear least squares numerical optimization methods, the results can be fit to a collection of analytical models and the parameters of each model determined. The analytical expression that results in the fit with the lowest residual is selected as the most accurate representation. A cursory examination is made of the effects of measurement errors on the method.     

云南临沧盆地土壤天然放射性测定及环境影响评价

临沧盆地受其基底花岗岩的影响,环境中存在天然放射性水平异常。本文测得其土壤中放射性核素226Ra、238U、232Th和40K的比活度分别为53.4(38.7-62.8)、161.2(127.3-211.7)、120.9(106.5-140.6)和632.2(521.7-707.5)Bq/kg,明显高于全国和世界平均值。花岗岩天然放射性水平较高,与土壤放射性有一定的相关性,为土壤伴生放射性提供了较好的来源。采用测得的土壤放射性核素226Ra、232Th和40K的比活度,计算了距地面1m高处空气中γ辐射吸收剂量率和年有效剂量率,并对γ辐射外照射水平进行了评价。评价结果表明,虽然该区的空气吸收剂量率较高,但是年有效剂量率在容许范围之内。因此该区属于外照射水平的安全区域,人居环境不受影响。     

Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations in human tooth

The gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations were measured in human tooth taken from 3 to 6 age-groups to 40 and over ones. Accumulated teeth samples are investigated in two groups as under and above 18 years. The gross alpha and beta radioactivity of human tooth samples was measured by using a gas-flow proportional counter (PIC-MPC 9604-α/β counter). In tooth samples, for female age-groups, the obtained results show that the mean gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations varied between 0.534-0.203 and 0.010-0.453 Bq g⁻¹ and the same concentrations for male age-groups varied between 0.009-1.168 and 0.071-0.204 Bq g⁻¹, respectively.     

Specific features of the allozyme structure of dandelion populations under conditions of radionuclide and chemical contamination

A study of allozyme spectra has been performed in dandelion cenopopulations growing for a long time under conditions of chemical pollution (the zone of the Nizhnii Tagil Metallurgical Plant, NTMP) or radioactive contamination (the zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace, EURT). Cenopopulations from the NTMP and EURT zones and from the background area differ significantly in the qualitative and quantitative composition of allozyme phenes. An analysis of clonal diversity has shown that all cenopopulations are phenogenetically unique. The genesis of each cenopopulation proceeded in a specific way: they had different sets of progenitor plants, whose descendants varied genetically in the course of their reproduction and more or less successful colonization of habitats, undergoing selection under the impact of natural environmental factors and technogenic stress. An increased variability of enzyme systems, compared to the sample from the background area, and, as a consequence, reduced clonal diversity may be regarded as a trait common to populations exposed to chemical or radiation stress.