Wintertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the megacity Beijing: Role of photochemical and meteorological processes

Previous measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN) in Asian megacities were scarce and mainly conducted for relative short periods in summer. Here, we present and analyze the measurements of PAN, O3, NOx, etc., made at an urban site(CMA) in Beijing from 25 January to 22 March 2010. The hourly concentration of PAN averaged 0.70 × 10 9mol/mol(0.23 × 10 9–3.51 × 10 9mol/mol) and was well correlated with that of NO2but not O3, indicating that the variations of the winter concentrations of PAN and O3in urban Beijing are decoupled with each other. Wind conditions and transport of air masses exert very significant impacts on O3, PAN, and other species. Air masses arriving at the site originated either from the boundary layer over the highly polluted N-S-W sector or from the free troposphere over the W-N sector. The descending free-tropospheric air was rich in O3, with an average PAN/O3ratio smaller than 0.031, while the boundary layer air over the polluted sector contained higher levels of PAN and primary pollutants, with an average PAN/O3ratio of 0.11. These facts related with transport conditions can well explain the observed PAN-O3decoupling. Photochemical production is important to PAN in the winter over Beijing. The concentration of the peroxyacetyl(PA) radical was estimated to be in the range of 0.0014 × 10 12–0.0042 × 10 12 mol/mol. The contributions of the formation reaction and thermal decomposition to PAN's variation were calculated and found to be significant even in the colder period in air over Beijing, with the production exceeding the decomposition.     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

Suwannee河黄腐酸光化学生成溶解无机碳的研究

用模拟太阳光照射Suwannee河黄腐酸以模拟光氧化过程,研究了溶解氧浓度、模拟太阳光波长范围和铁浓度对溶解无机碳产量的影响.结果表明,氧气饱和样品的溶解无机碳生成速率比空气饱和条件下(3.32 μmol/(L·h))增加了40.1%(以照射过程中线性回归的生成速率计算); 实验以Mylar-D、有机玻璃UF-3和有机玻璃UF-4为滤光片研究了波长范围对溶解无机碳产量的影响,近似计算的结果表明UV-B、UV-A 和可见光部分分别占全波段模拟太阳光光化学生成无机碳产量的43%、42% 和 15%; 当样品铁浓度达到10 μmol/L时,其溶解无机碳的生成速率约为初始样品(Suwannee河黄腐酸铁浓度为1.90 μmol/L)的2.8倍,证实了铁在光化学氧化过程中的催化作用.     

用铁泥制氧化铁红

研究了以染化厂废料铁泥和工业废硫酸为原料,采用高温干法制取氧化铁红的工艺,简要介绍了该法生产氧化铁红的反应机理,探讨了氧化剂,氧化时间,氧化温度等对产品质量的影响,确定了适宜工艺条件,提出了工业生产流程和尾气治理方案。     

UV/H_2O_2技术在环境保护中的研究进展

过氧化氢的氧化性强,它在紫外光照射下,可以产生氧化性更强的OH,从而能有效地分解一些单独使用H2O2不能分解的有机物。分析了UV/H2O2的反应机理,并通过实验证明了H2O2/UV系统能有效地氧化极性和非极性有机物,而对后者的效果更佳。H2O2能有效地去除烟道气中的部分污染物,但对于用UV/H2O2治理烟道气污染物NOX,目前正处于研究阶段,要投入使用还需进一步进行研究。     

几种光化学体系中自由基的产生和测定

在人工光源照射下，以水杨酸为探针性物质，探讨了过氧化氢，二氧化钛，亚硝酸钠，硝酸钠和杂多酸盐等５种光化学体系中羟自由基的产生，并测定了羟自由基的稳态浓度。     

某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析（Ⅱ）－－氧化剂盐粒子的大小及微观结构对沥青固化物的固－液表面氧化还原反应特性的影响

就不同粒径及微观构造的氧化剂盐粒子制备的沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性用高感度量热仪(C80微量量热仪)进行了测定。结果表明，当氧化剂盐粒子的微观构造基本相同时，随粒径的减小，制作的沥青固化物的反应开始温度向低温方向偏移，低温领域的发热量增大。当粒径的大小及其分布基本相同时，沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性随粒子的微观构造的不同表现出较大的差异，由针状结晶构成的多孔状粒子制成的沥青固化物的反应开始温度低、低温领域的发热量较大。     

酸性尿素水溶液处理导弹氧化剂废水中氮氧化物

采用理论分析和实验两种方法对酸性尿素水溶液处理导弹氧化剂废水中NOx进行了研究.讨论了NO2的转化率与尿素浓度的关系.实验证明,该方法快速高效,反应的适宜温度为30 C,用7%的尿素水溶液处理含NO2 9 41 9.8 mg/m3的废水,10 s的去除率可达99.5%.     

一种香兰素的制备方法

该发明公开了一种香兰素的制备方法。其方法：将制浆废液中的木质素磺化得到的木质素磺酸盐溶于水，然后将得到的溶液置于光化学反应器中，在半导体光催化剂（其加入量为上述水溶液质量的0．5％～1％。）的作用下，通入空气或氧气，用紫外灯在常温至80℃的温度下辐照进行光催化氧化降解，分离后得到香兰素产品。     

污染物在冰晶中的光化学研究进展

从冰晶的性质、冰晶中的光化学反应和光化学反应机理、对环境的影响以及研究过程中遇到的困难,对污染物在冰晶中的光化学进行了探讨,为开展这方面的工作提供信息.