Phosphorus sorption capacities in a headstream landscape The pond chain structure

Understanding phosphorus sorption phenomena in different wetland sediments is important in controlling the P output in headstream watersheds. The pond chain structure （PCS） is widespread in the headstream agricultural watersheds in the southeast of China. Phosphorus sorption characteristics were determined for pond surface sediments （0-12 cm） along a pond chain structure in Liuchahe watershed of Chaohu Lake. Results showed that P sorption capacities （expressed by P sorption index （PSI）） varied both with the landscape position of the ponds and sediment depth. From foothill ponds to riverside ponds the P sorption capacities indicated a significant gradient variability. The higher elevation ponds showed greater sorption capacities, and with the pond elevation decline, P sorption capacities gradually decreased. Some physico-chemical properties, such as pH, oxalate-extractable Fe （Feox）, organic matter （TOC） and Mehlich l-extractable Ca, Mg of pond sediments also indicated significant gradient variability from high elevation ponds to low elevation ponds. Feox was the sediment parameters most highly positively correlated with PSI and was the key factor in controlling P sorption capacity in the pond chain structure （r=0.92, p〈0.001）. Long-term hydrologic and sediment inputs can affect the distribution of sediment constituents and further affect the P sorption capacity. Making the best of the spatial difference of sorption capacities of ponds in watersheds to control nonpoint source P pollutant is necessary.     

Removal of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis

Few studies have dealt on the evaluation of volatilization and decomposition reactions of dioxins from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis. In this study, the performance of pyrolysis on the removal of dioxins from sediment was investigated. Dioxin concentrations of the raw sediment and the solid residues after pyrolysis were analyzed at different conditions. Results showed a removal efficiency of 99.9999% for total dioxins at 800℃ and retention time of 30 min. All the polychlorinated dibenzo-furans （PCDFs） have been removed and were not formed in the solid residues at the retention time range of 30-90 min at 800℃. Close to 100% removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） was also achieved. Only trace PCDDs were detected in the solid yields at a retention time of 60 min. The highest removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） was more than 99.9994% at a retention time of 30 min. During cooling period following pyrolysis, however, the concentration of total dioxins in solid residues increased 130 times as compared to that of the raw sediment under air atmosphere. This confirmed that some complex reactions do occur to form PCDD/Fs and PCBs from 800 to 400℃ in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen-free atmosphere therefore can prevent formation of dioxin during thermal process thus generating clean solid residues.     

安徽北淮阳沙坪沟钼矿区水系沉积物粒级试验研究

通过在安徽省北淮阳沙坪沟超大型钼矿区开展水系沉积物测量粒级试验,基于沙坪沟钼矿区分散流长度试验研究,对不同粒级(截取粒级和细粒级)水系沉积物粒级占比、元素含量变化特征等进行对比分析,探讨研究区主要成矿元素含量衰减特征。通过总结不同粒级水系沉积物的构成特征,认为在北淮阳地区开展水系沉积物测量适宜采用截取粒级的采样方法,为该地区开展1∶50 000化探普查提供参考。     

河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集.研究结果表明,将河蚬暴露于有机氯农药污染程度相似的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为1.5-1.8.S/S(以干重计)和1.1-1.7 as/g(以干重计))后,随着暴露时间的延长(24～168h),河蚬对有机氯农药的富集量随着暴露时间逐渐增加.试验结束时各样点中河蚬对HCHs和DDTs的富集量分别为(9.4±2.2)ng/g(以干重计)、(20.7±7.6)ng/g(以干重计).实验水体沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)分别为1.5±0.1和4.4±0.7.生物-沉积物富集因子(BSAF)与有机物的辛醇-水比值(Kow)存在显著正相关.     

低浓度表面活性剂对景观水体沉积物稳定性及总氮的释放影响

为探究低浓度表面活性剂对沉积物稳定性及总氮的释放影响,通过吸管法和振荡再悬浮研究了两类表面活性剂SDBS和Tween-80对沉积物稳定性及总氮释放的影响。结果表明:在低浓度表面活性剂下,沉积物溶液稳定性增强,随着浓度升高,溶液稳定性逐渐降低。且Tween-80对沉积物颗粒稳定性的影响要强于SDBS。低浓度表面活性剂的加入使沉积物中TN的释放量增大;随着浓度升高,TN的释放量逐渐减少。因此低浓度表面活性剂更有利于沉积物中TN的释放,加剧了水体内源污染。     

乌梁素海表层沉积物重金属与营养元素含量的统计分析

对乌梁素海表层沉积物营养盐与重金属的分布情况进行研究,应用SPSS统计分析软件对乌梁素海表层沉积物重金属与营养元素进行相关分析和因子分析,并对重金属元素进行聚类分析。营养元素与重金属间的相关分析表明：重金属元素Cu、Cr、Pb和Cd相互间具有极显著的正相关性;有机质与As和Hg呈极显著的正相关;总氮与Hg呈极显著相关,与As呈显著相关,而与Pb呈极显著负相关,与Cd呈显著负相关;总磷与As呈显著负相关。重金属元素间的R-型聚类分析结果将本论文研究的9种金属元素分为3类。采用主成分分析法对乌梁素海表层沉积物重金属与营养元素进行因子分析,得到4个因子,并进一步分析讨论了各主成分的科学内涵。     

硫脲分光光度法测定土壤和沉积物中铋（Bi）量

建立了对土壤和沉积物中铋含量进行测定的新方法——硫脲分光光度法，实验结果表明此分析方法操作简便、选择性好、灵敏度高，测试结果令人满意。     

信息技术环境下小学作文分层教学的探究

作文教学可能是整个语文教学中最薄弱的环节。不过,以计算机多媒体技术和网络技术为主的现代信息技术的发展,给作文教学开辟了一片新的天地。在作文教学中,如果能把现代信息技术和作文教学有机地整合,在作文课堂教学中实施分层教学,就能提高不同层次学生的作文水平。     

多彩教学 魅力英语

英语作为国际通用语言,可见学习英语的必要性和迫切性。初中英语是学生学习英语的一个重要阶段,是兴趣培养和打基础的阶段,小学虽然开设了英语课,但学生真正正式系统地学习英语却是在初中阶段,学生的英语水平开始出现分化也是在初中阶段,由此可以看出初中英语学习的重要性。因此,高效的课堂教学实践就变得极其重要,课堂教学既是教师向学生传授知识、培养学生专业技能的主要阵地,也是师生间互动的良好空间。就初中英语课的特点以及一些教学实践,浅谈如何构建初中英语教学中的高效课堂。