广州地区典型多溴联苯醚迁移和归趋行为模拟

运用多介质逸度模型对典型PBDEs(BDE47、BDE99、BDE209)在广州地区大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的浓度分布与多介质间的迁移、归趋进行了模拟研究并分析了3种化合物在研究区域环境多介质间的迁移通量,确定其在环境中的主要迁移过程;结合实际监测数据,对模型的可靠性进行验证;以BDE47和BDE209为例,对模型的输入参数进行灵敏度分析;并以BDE209为例,对模型进行不确定性分析.通过模拟浓度与实测浓度的对比,表明模型在该地区具有很好的适用性.结果表明,环境系统达到平衡时,BDE47、BDE99和BDE209在土壤和沉积物中的含量分别占其在环境系统总含量的17.73%和82.26%,14.65%和85.35%,4.81%和95.19%;PBDEs从环境系统中的消失途径主要为大气平流输出和土壤降解;logKow和大气平流输入是影响化合物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素;不确定性分析指出BDE209在土壤相中浓度的变异系数最大.     

乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5对质粒DNA的损伤研究

2012年1月~2012年12月采集乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5样品,使用质粒DNA评价法研究了不同季节PM2.5的氧化能力,并进行氧化性毒性与相应气象因素和质量浓度之间的相关性研究.结果表明,乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5的质量浓度具有冬季最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季最低的季节性变化特征;PM2.5全样和水溶部分氧化能力的季节差异较大,对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤具有冬季最大,春季和夏季之次,秋季最低.冬、春、夏、秋季大气PM2.5全样的TD30(PM2.5对质粒DNA造成破坏达到30%所需要的颗粒物的剂量)平均值分别为440,491,503,515μg/mL,水溶部分分别为474,721,666,600μg/mL.绝大部分PM2.5样品全样的TD30值均小于水溶部分样,表明全样的毒性大于相应的水溶部分样.全样TD30值与平均温度显著(P<0.05)正相关,表明寒冷的天气/季节可能造成PM2.5的高毒性.水溶样TD30值与风速显著(P<0.01)正相关,与相对湿度显著负相关.这表明,高的风速和低的相对湿度可能跟较低和较高的PM2.5的毒性有关.PM2.5氧化性损伤能力的大小与其质量浓度之间的相关性不明显,表明仅以颗粒物的质量浓度来评价大气颗粒物氧化性损伤能力大小的方法并不能真实地反映其对人体健康的危害程度,起决定作用的还是颗粒物的化学组成及其表面吸附的有害成分.     

含固率和接种比对叶菜类蔬菜垃圾厌氧消化的影响

通过叶菜类蔬菜垃圾中温批式厌氧消化实验,比较了含固率(3%、5%、7%)和接种比(1.5、2.5、3.5)对产甲烷效果的联合影响.结果表明,在研究实验参数范围内,含固率越低、接种比越高,越有利于缩短产甲烷反应迟滞期,平均日产甲烷速率越快.经过52d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3.5的工况中,平均日产甲烷速率最快,达到9.5mL/(gVS·d),日最大产甲烷速率最快,达到49.8mL/(gVS·d),最早进入快速产甲烷期.当接种比为3.5时,随着含固率的升高,产甲烷速率下降,迟滞期延长,但单位底物累计产甲烷量增大,含固率7%时单位底物累计净产甲烷量为481mL/gVS.而当接种比为1.5时,含固率为5%和7%的工况均无法启动甲烷化反应,含固率为3%的工况的产气迟滞期达15d.挥发性有机酸的累积抑制甲烷化反应的启动,迟滞期随着液相中有机酸浓度的增加而延长,当有机酸浓度低于1260mg/L,甲烷化反应没有明显的迟滞期.     

模拟环境条件下δ-MnO_2氧化As(Ⅲ)的搅拌流动动力学特征

采用搅拌流动法研究了酸性水钠锰矿及水羟锰矿2种δ-MnO2矿物氧化As(Ⅲ)的动力学过程,构建了可用于多相体系的搅拌-流动氧化还原反应动力学模型.经过As吸附量的校正后,该模型对酸性水钠锰矿及水羟锰矿氧化As(Ⅲ)动力学数据拟合度分别为0.980和0.951,模型拟合得到pH 7时2种矿物单位比表面上氧化As(Ⅲ)的初始反应速率常数k分别为0.131,0.014min-1·m-2.相比而言,该速率常数明显高于批量法得到的表观速率常数kobs,0.021,0.001min-1?m-2更接近真实的化学动力学参数.搅拌流动法与批量法得到的不同矿物的速率常数大小趋势一致,即尽管酸性水钠锰矿对As(Ⅲ)的氧化率低于水羟锰矿,单位比表面上酸性水钠锰矿氧化As(Ⅲ)初始反应速率却远高于水羟锰矿.反应过程分析表明,反应初始阶段,As(Ⅲ)的吸附为主要限速步骤;而随着反应的进行,矿物表面反应位点逐渐钝化或减少,反应位点数量成为限速步骤.     

自适应模糊方法在烟气脱硝喷氨量控制系统中的应用

SCR烟气脱硝系统中喷氨量是一个重要的控制参数,它不仅影响了脱硝效率,过量时,还会产生二次污染,危及下游设备。电厂运行中,锅炉负荷不断变动,传统PID很难实现喷氨量的最佳控制。应用自适应模糊控制策略对喷氨量进行了控制,并对控制系统进行了仿真试验。结果表明:相对于传统的PID控制器,尿素溶液流量自适应模糊控制器的性能更佳,系统的动态响应较快且超调极小,即满足了工艺要求又降低了能耗。     

超临界水氧化技术研究进展

超临界水氧化技术是一种新兴的、高效的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景。该方法具有独特的技术性和经济性。主要介绍超临界氧化技术的研究现状、应用领域,同时指出存在的问题和对策及发展前景分析。     

水泥窑协同处置生活垃圾项目环境风险评价

利用新型干法水泥窑协同处置生活垃圾项目存在二恶英事故排放、垃圾渗滤液泄漏等一系列环境风险问题。以国内某企业为例,从物质、生产工艺过程危险性及有害物质扩散途径进行识别,给出风险事故源强,采用多烟团模式对二恶英、氨扩散的影响进行了定量分析。结果表明:焚烧炉爆炸事故二恶英扩散对人体健康的最大影响半径为300 m,氨水储罐泄漏事故氨扩散对人体致死半径为200 m;对事故消防废水、垃圾渗滤液泄漏等对水环境的影响进行了定性分析。提出相应的风险防范的措施,对该类项目环境风险评价有一定的指导作用。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定电路板中金属含量的方法改进

根据样品中被测元素的特点,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸-硼酸-硝酸和硝酸体系,对电路板中金属元素进行消解,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对电路板中的金属元素含量进行定量分析。该方法具有简单、准确的特点,可以快速分析电路板中的金属元素含量。     

Reaction mechanism and metal ion transformation in photocatalytic ozonation of phenol and oxalic acid with Ag+/TiO2

Photocatalytic ozonation of phenol and oxalic acid （OA） was conducted with a Ag^＋/TiO2 catalyst and different pathways were found for the degradation of different compounds. Ag^＋ greatly promoted the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants due to its role as an electron scavenger. It also accelerated the removal rate of OA in ozonation and the simultaneous process for its complex reaction with oxalate. Phenol could be degraded both in direct ozonation and photolysis, but the TOC removal rates were much higher in the simultaneous processes due to the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals resulting from synergetic effects. The sequence of photo-illumination and ozone exposure in the combined process showed quite different effects in phenol degradation and TOC removal. The synergetic effects in different combined processes were found to be highly related to the properties of the target pollutants. The color change of the solution and TEM result confirmed that Ag＋ was easily reduced and deposited on the surface of Tit2 under photo-illumination, and dissolved again into solution in the presence of ozone. This simple cycle of enrichment and distribution of Ag^＋ can greatly benefit the design of advanced oxidation processes, in which the sequences of ozone and photo-illumination can be varied according to the needs for catalyst recycling and the different properties of pollutants.     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.