环球扫描

温总理说：“十五”计划中环境问题没有解决；中国必缓采取措施保护环境；世界观察研究所的年度报告；烹饪带来新生活；美国四年内开始建新核电厂。     

重构土壤垂直剖面重金属Cd赋存形态及影响因素

针对矿业废弃地高背景值-历史矿业源相叠加区下土壤重金属Cd污染问题,以西南地区某历史硫磺矿业废弃地重构土壤为研究对象,采集剖面土壤共30个样品,分析测试土壤样品中镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)和汞(Hg),利用电镜扫描-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)和重金属形态连续提取的BCR方法,分析不同土层厚度下Cd的赋存形式,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)和次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)对其进行有效性评价,以及对不同理化性质下Cd各形态的变化规律进行了初步探讨.结果表明,研究区5种重金属中Cd全量的富集系数最高,达4以上;通过形貌特征可以发现,样品中存在较多的次棱角状、棱角状颗粒,不同深度下的能谱特征显示结果相似,均含有Cd、Fe、S和As等元素,Cd元素是以类质同象形式存在;对Cd进行潜在风险评价,RAC结果显示为中等风险及以下,RSP结果主要为重度污染;重金属全量是影响Cd各形态含量分布的最主要因素,其次pH、有机质和CEC,对垂直深度的土壤Cd赋存形态也表现出不同程度的影响.该研究结果可为进一步了解Cd在剖面土壤的活性、迁移规律、生物毒性和赋存形式提供科学依据.     

智能视觉视角下DCS高危现场意外状况的识别方法研究

DCS分布式控制系统的高危现场意外状况仅仅以传感信号进行识别,很难保证识别过程的抗干扰性。为解决这一问题,提出基于智能视觉的DCS高危现场意外状况识别方法。采用计算机视觉特征方法采集DCS高危现场视觉图像,对视觉图像实施小波降噪预处理,提取降噪后DCS高危现场视觉图像边缘轮廓特征,根据该特征采用关键点帧扫描技术判断DCS高危现场关键点,完成DCS高危现场意外状况识别。实验结果表明,所提方法能够准确识别DCS高危现场的意外状况,具有效率高、抗干扰性强的优势。     

两种老化温度对某型双基推进剂的热分解性能的影响

目的探索某型双基推进剂在85℃和95℃条件下的热分解性能随老化时间的变化趋势。方法采用恒温加速老化试验,并对老化不同时间的样品进行热重分析(TG)和差示扫描(DSC)试验。结果计算了其两种老化温度条件下的动力学参数。结论某型双基推进剂性能良好,与老化时间相比,老化温度对其性能影响较大。     

欧盟发布机场安检人体扫描设备法规

为了保证乘客的健康与安全，欧盟最近发布实施了一项新的关于机场安检人体扫描设备的法规。该新法规要求欧盟成员国更换现行人体扫描仪器的安检系统．因为现行扫描仪器是采用X射线扫描技术．它会对人体造成DNA的辐射并引发癌症。新的扫描系统采用的毫米波扫捕．即利用低能耗无线电波进行扫描。     

层析扫描成像技术在隧道施工地质预报中的应用

以三峡翻坝高速公路项目鸡公岭隧道工程为例,介绍了层析扫描成像技术(耵盯)的基本原理、传感器布设与信号接收、数据处理方法等,并应用该技术进行施工地质预报.结果表明,TRT技术对隧道围岩级别与含水体的预报准确率较高,其预报成果可以满足安全施工的要求.     

环球扫描

<正>《自然》2014年12月18日无国界生物多样性保护保护区的设立旨在减轻人为因素对生物多样性造成的压力。一个国际认同的目标是,到2020年,将保护区网络扩大到覆盖世界陆地面积的17%。但生物多样性在不同国家和不同生境之间是不均匀分布的,这便提出了应当对哪些区域予以保护、以产生最大效果的问题。Federico Montesino Pouzols等人发现,通过国际协调行动将保护区网络扩大到17%这个目标,     

Synthesis of novel CeO2-BiVO4/FAC composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic properties

To utilize visible light more effectively in photocatalytic reactions, a fly ash cenosphere （FAC）-supported CeO2-BiV04 （CeO2-BiVO4/FAC） composite photocatalyst was prepared by modified metalorganic decomposition and impregnation methods. The physical and photophysical properties of the composite have been characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra. The XRD patterns exhibited characteristic diffraction peaks of both BiVO4 and Ce02 crystalline phases. The XPS results showed that Ce was present as both Ce4＋ and Ce3＋ oxidation states in Ce02 and dispersed on the surface of BiV04 to constitute a p-n heterojunction composite. The absorption threshold of the CeO2-BiVO4/FAC composite shifted to a longer wavelength in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum compared to the pure Ce02 and pure BiV04. The composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity for Methylene Blue （MB） degradation under visible light irradiation. It was found that the 7.5 wt.% CeO2-BiVO4/FAC composite showed the highest photocatalytic activity for MB dye wastewater treatment.     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.