放射性污染土壤危害及其防治对策的探讨

本文阐述放射性污染土壤的危害,是人们生产、生活中不能忽视的问题,要采取有效措施进行治理和修复。重点探讨了间接防治、直接治理、采用耐辐射微生物、超积累植物和森林等修复技术的防治对策。只有通过有效方法进行治理和修复,才能起到阻截废气、废液、废渣进入土壤,控制污染源,使污染土壤恢复原有的功能。     

《中国植物志》荣耀背后的甘苦

2010年1月11日,已经连续两年出现空缺的国家自然科学奖一等奖被授予编纂《中国植物志》的科学家们。在过去的10年中,体现原始创新能力的自然科学奖一等奖曾空缺了7次之多。     

台州污染区蔬菜中多氯联苯污染特征分析

多氯联苯（polychlorinated Biphenyls,简称PCBs）已成为全球性的重要污染物之一。实验确立了浸泡-超声提取、硫酸硅胶-去活化硅胶-硝酸银硅胶复合层析柱净化、毛细管柱气相色谱法测定植物样品中痕量多氯联苯的方法。对浙江台州地区典型污染点玉露洋村、横街、莄李王村三地的植物样品（卷心菜、南瓜）进行测定,结果显示台州典型污染区内卷心菜中PCBs的浓度范围在5.98~112.36 ng/g,南瓜叶中PCBs平均值达130.70 ng/g,茎中达59.12 ng/g,三地在总体上污染严重。PCBs同系物间的污染水平存在显著差异,二氯联苯残留量大,四氯、五氯、六氯联苯分布较广、残留较高,高氯联苯有少量存在。     

辽宁省主要自然保护区外来入侵植物的调查分析

通过野外实地调查,对辽宁省的4个国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物的种类数量和分布现状进行了调查分析。结果表明,老铁山、鸭绿江口、医巫闾山、九龙川4个自然保护区内的外来入侵植物分别为27,10,7和6种,总计16科36种。依据保护区内外来入侵植物的特点和生态影响,提出了一些有效的管理措施和防治建议。     

金发草对土壤中菲、芘的修复机制

采用盆栽试验法,研究岩生植物金发草(Pogonatherum paniceum L.)对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果与修复机制.结果显示,在试验浓度范围(20～322 mg·kg^-1)内,种植金发草能有效去除土壤中芘、菲污染. 70 d后,菲、芘去除率分别为50.97%～86.77%、 46.45%～76.7%;比对照1(加0.1% NaN₃)高63.56%、 58.6%,比对照2(无NaN₃)高46.09%、 42.92%.金发草能吸收、富集部分菲和芘,根、茎叶组织中菲、芘含量随菲、芘添加浓度的升高而增大,且根部大于茎叶部、芘大于菲,但生物浓缩系数却逐渐减小.修复过程中,非生物因子、植物代谢、富集、微生物降解对菲的去除率分别为5.1%、 0.32%、 4.22%、 17.47%,对芘的去除率分别为2.56%、 4.27%、 2.01%、 15.68%;植物-微生物间的交互作用对菲、芘的去除率分别为41.56%、 36.64%.说明植物-微生物交互作用是金发草修复土壤中菲芘污染的主要机制.     

RIP-N模型对官厅水库库滨带去氮效应的流域尺度模拟分析

以官厅水库库滨带为研究对象,构建适用于流域尺度岸边带去氮负荷估算的生态水文模型——RIP-N(Riparian-Nitrogen)模型,对官厅水库库滨带2007年3~9月间岸边带去氮效应进行分析.同时,在延庆水保站开展田间尺度的野外模拟实验,结合室内外试验分析和以往研究成果,对模型模拟结果进行验证.RIP-N模型包括土壤化学过程模拟和植物生长过程模拟.前者包括土壤反硝化模拟、硝化模拟和氨挥发模拟;后者包括植物净第一性生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)模拟、植物生产力分配模拟和植物营养元素吸收模拟.结果表明:①RIP-N模型模拟值与实验值的决定系数大于0.5,证明该模型在空间尺度模拟上的有效性及模拟结果的可靠性;②模型模拟结果表明官厅水库库滨带流域3~9月对N的总去除量为5.91×103t;③RIP-N模型对官厅水库库滨带去氮环境效益分析表明,当前库滨带土地利用格局中,滩地、林地和草地是去污效果较好的土地利用类型,3~9月对流域的去N量占流域总去N量的76.5%,在非点源污染防治中起到"汇"的作用;但是研究区中专属湿地的"汇"作用表现不明显,3~9月去N量仅占流域总去N量的5.9...     

塑料工业区附近农田蔬菜DEHP的浓度水平及评价

对塑料厂工业区附近农田蔬菜进行了采样调查,应用GC/MS联机检测技术初步研究了5种蔬菜内部组织及其生长环境(大气和土壤)中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的浓度水平.结果表明,蔬菜可食用部分DEHP浓度为0.23～9.11mg/kg、平均鲜重含量为3.82mg/kg.蔬菜可食用部分中DEHP的鲜重含量为叶菜类果菜类根茎类.根据差异统计性分析可知生长环境和蔬菜品种影响DEHP在蔬菜组织和土壤中的浓度水平是显著的,大气沉降是蔬菜累积DEHP的最主要途径.植物累积DEHP的能力与其脂肪含量呈正相关,当脂肪含量相近时,表面粗糙或具有细密绒毛的叶片富集DEHP的能力较强.按照OEHHA建议人体每日允许摄入量0.05mg/kg,则塑料工业区蔬菜DEHP含量已经超出安全标准.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

Transformation of mercury speciation through the SCR system in power plants

Coal-fired utility boilers are now identified as the largest source of mercury in the United States. There is speculation that the installation of selective catalytic reduction （SCR） system for reduction of NOx can also prompt the oxidation and removal of mercury. In this paper, tests at six full-scale power plants with similar type of the SCR systems are conducted to investigate the effect of the SCR on the transformation of mercury speciation. The results show that the SCR system can achieve more than 70%-80% oxidation of elemental mercury and enhance the mercury removal ability in these units. The oxidation of elemental mercury in the SCR system strongly depends on the coal properties and the operation conditions of the SCR systems. The content of chloride in the coal is the key factor for the oxidization process and the maximum oxidation of elemental mercury is found when chloride content changes from 400 to 600 ppm. The sulfur content is no significant impact on oxidation of elemental mercury.