不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

为了探索培育高产粮田的施肥模式,实现氮肥资源的高效利用与环境效益,以华北平原的小麦（Triticum aestivum）-玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作体系作为研究对象,通过2007─2011年4个轮作季,探讨不同的施肥模式对作物产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验以处理A（当地传统管理）作为对照,从测土确定施肥量、按作物生长发育明确施肥时期、合理分配各时期的养分配比及增施有机肥等方面改变传统施肥模式,设置3种高产施肥培育模式,分别为处理B（现有高产田推荐管理）、处理C（高肥料投入管理）和处理D（水肥高效管理）,进行田间小区试验。4个轮作季的总产量以处理D为最高,达75430 kg·hm-2,其次是处理C为75166 kg·hm-2,当地传统的产量最低。冬小麦季的吸氮量为处理C和D显著高于A处理,分别高出444.78 kg·hm-2和310.20 kg·hm-2,但与处理B无显著差异;处理D在夏玉米季的吸氮量为776.75 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A。处理B的氮肥偏生产力值最高为38.21,处理D为36.71,处理A和C均为28.33。各处理经过4个轮作季后,土壤硝态氮均在120-160 cm出现累积峰,A、B、C和D的硝态氮峰值分别为58.65、28.98、105.89、45.29 mg·kg-1。在0-100cm土层,处理B的硝态氮累积量达到144.22 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A、C、D;所有处理在100-200 cm土层均出现较高的硝态氮累积,处理C高达1021.19 kg·hm-2;0-400 cm的土壤硝态氮累积量分别为724.27、711-92、1324.30、730.70 kg·hm-2。处理A、B、C、D在耕层土壤氮素的表观损失分别为1298.95、653.18、1236.39和718.43 kg·hm-2,处理B、D显著低于处理A、C,D和B间差异不显著。因此,处理D是培育高产的理想施肥模式,合理的施肥量、科学的施肥时期以及有机无机的合理配比是达到高产、提高肥效和环境友好的关键。     

聚乙烯醇凝胶包埋固定化细菌联合植物的除氮研究

为了解聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶包埋固定化菌在富营养化水体生态修复中的效果,利用PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌并联合水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens)和蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)2种植物进行21 d的除氮试验。结果表明,加菌试验组TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N及TP去除率显著高于无菌试验组(P0.05);各试验组N的去除效率与添加PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌呈显著正相关(P0.05)。添加PVA凝胶固定硝化和反硝化细菌的蕹菜和水芹试验组植物的平均生长速率(RGR)分别为38.5和19.6 mg·g-1·d-1,而单纯蕹菜和水芹试验组RGR分别为29.9和9.5 mg·g-1·d-1。     

Production of N2O in two biologic nitrogen removal processes: a comparison between conventional and short-cut nitrogen removal processes

The N2O production in two nitrogen removal processes treating domestic wastewater was investigated in laboratory-scale aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Results showed that N2O emission happened in the aerobic phase rather than in the anoxic phase. During the aerobic phase, the nitrogen conversion to N2O gas was 27.7% and 36.8% of NH＋-N loss for conventional biologic N-removal process and short-cut biologic N-removal process. The dissolved N2O was reduced to N2 in the anoxic denitrification phase. The N2O production rate increased with the increasing of nitrite concentration and ceased when NH＋-N oxidation was terminated. Higher nitrite accumulation resulted in higher NEO emission in the short-cut nitrogen removal process. Pulse-wise addition of 20 mg NO2 -N. L- 1 gave rise to 3-fold of N2O emission in the conventional N-removal process, while little change happened with 20 mg NOS-N L-1 was added to SBR1.     

N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor for biological N and P removal from wastewater

Nitrous oxide （N2O） is a greenhouse gas that can be released during biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor （SBR） for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater was investigated, and the aims were to examine which process, nitrification or denitrification, would contribute more to N2Oemission and to study the effects of heterotrophic activities on N2O emission during nitrification. The results showed that N2O emission was mainly attributed to nitrification rather than to denitrification. N2O emission during denitrification mainly occurred with stored organic carbon as the electron donor. During nitrification, NaO emission was increased with increasing initial ammonium or nitrite concentrations. The ratio of N2O emission to the removed ammonium nitrogen （N2O- N/NH4-N） was 2.5% in the SBR system with high heterotrophic activities, while this ratio was in the range from 0.14% to 1.06% in batch nitrification experiments with limited heterotrophic activities.     

A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.     

大型底栖动物对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换的影响

基于实验模拟,通过对比分析潮滩无机氮长短期通量交换、循环规律及沉积物中无机氮的剖面特征在有/无底栖动物活动背景下的差异,探讨了双壳类底栖动物河蚬对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换的影响及其机制.研究发现:潮滩无机氮界面交换中,河蚬的钻穴活动能增加向上覆水方向氨氮和硝氮的通量值;河蚬长期栖息对界面的生物扰动和代谢物排放能促进氨氮向上覆水的释放并逐渐加强沉积物氧化层中的硝化活动;界面附近河蚬的扰动和喷灌活动改变了沉积物中无机氮的垂直剖面特征,加速了沉积物中有机质的矿化分解和两相界面间氨氮的离子交换,促进沉积物氮库向滨岸水体的释放输出.     

生物法脱氮新技术及研究进展

生物法脱氮技术一直是水处理领域所关注的热点和难点。本文对几种近年来新研究的生物法脱氮工艺和理论基础做了简要介绍和分析,并评述了它们的研究进展和发展方向,为污水生物脱氮技术更深入的研究提供了借鉴。     

六箱一体化工艺处理城市污水周期设置的试验

介绍了智能型六箱一体化活性污泥脱氮除磷工艺的运行方式及原理,并研究了周期设置对污染物去除的影响。中试研究表明,在泥龄13d和水力停留时间13h的条件下．当周期时间为16h时．工艺取得良好的脱氮除磷效果．出水水质可达国家一级A排放标准。     

某冶化公司焦化厂老生化系统改造实践

利用原有的生化脱酚池改造为A＋O＋A生物法,进行生物脱氮,效果很好,处理后的出水全部循环使用,不外排.     

Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥型膨胀床反应器的氮磷同步去除能力及污泥特性

为实现集成、高效的氮磷处理,提高厌氧氨氧化工艺的运行稳定性及功能集成性,搭建了一种新型的anammox-HAP颗粒污泥型膨胀床反应器.设置了 3个不同温度条件下的反应器,通过控制进入反应器中的钙、磷元素,以及调控反应器pH,探究了膨胀床反应器对氮、磷的同步去除能力,并对污泥特性进行了分析.结果表明:anammox-HA...