禾草灵对水稻生长和典型土壤酶活性的影响

禾草灵是一种广泛使用的除草剂，在土壤中大量残留，对非靶标生物产生危害。为探究除草剂对环境生物的毒性作用，本研究模拟水稻自然生长的环境，评估禾草灵对水稻及土壤微生物的影响。研究结果表明，低浓度禾草灵(200 μg L^-1)处理4 d对土壤微生物量没有显著影响(P>0.05)；8 d时，水稻生长没有明显变化，但土壤微生物量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05)。高浓度禾草灵(1 000 μg L^-1)处理4天后，土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性显著下降(P<0.05)，下降幅度分别为8.9%，16.6%和10.2%；处理8 d后，水稻幼苗鲜重显著降低(P>0.05)，叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量分别下降了13.5%和13.3%。本研究证实高浓度的禾草灵残留会对植物和土壤微生物产生不良的影响。     

全球变暖导致亚洲地区25年来水稻减产1至2成

据英国广播公司（BBC）8月9日报道,美国科学家日前对泰国、越南、印度、中国、菲律宾以及缅甸等亚洲6个重要水稻生产国进行的研究发现,过去25年间,全球变暖导致上述地区的水稻产量下降了10%～20%,而且下降趋势日益明显。这份最新报告暗示,气候变化导致粮食减产,将更难以养活全世界日益增长的人口。     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

开顶式气室原位研究水稻汞富集对大气汞浓度升高的响应

采用开顶式气室熏气实验和土壤加汞培育实验,原位研究水稻各器官汞富集对大气汞质量浓度升高的响应关系.结果表明,水稻根中汞含量与大气汞质量浓度无显著相关性(P0.05),与土壤汞含量呈显著正相关(R=0.998 8,P0.05),表明水稻根中的汞主要来自于对土壤中汞的吸收累积.水稻茎中汞含量随大气汞质量浓度的升高呈线性增加(RB=0.964 6,RU=0.983 1,P0.05),且上部茎中汞含量高于下部茎;茎下部汞含量随土壤汞含量的升高呈线性增加(R=0.990 1,P0.05),茎上部汞含量随土壤汞含量的升高呈二次拟合增加(R=0.998 9,P0.05),且下部茎汞含量高于上部茎,说明茎汞含量受土壤和大气汞浓度的共同影响.水稻叶中汞含量与大气汞质量浓度呈显著正相关(R=0.998 5,P0.05),与土壤汞含量也有很好的线性关系(R=0.998 3,P=0.058 5),表明水稻从大气吸收的汞主要积累在叶片中,从土壤吸收的汞主要富集在根中并通过茎部向叶部传输.利用实验建立的函数关系对水稻地上生物质中汞的大气来源估算,至少60%~94%和56%~77%水稻叶和上部茎中的汞来自大气,而大气对下部茎仅贡献8%~56%.由此水稻地上部分生物质汞主要来自对大气汞的吸收,为区域大气汞的收支及汞循环模型提供理论依据.     

水稻不同生育期根际与非根际土壤胞外酶对施氮的响应

与稻田土壤碳氮循环(矿化、转化等)密切相关的酶活性可以反映微生物的生长和代谢过程.为明确水稻不同生育期根际与非根际土壤胞外酶对施氮的响应,采用根际袋法区分水稻根际和非根际土壤,利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定其碳氮过程关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性,探讨根际效应、施氮和生育期对土壤酶活的影响及其调控机制.结果表明,施氮使拔节期土壤BG酶活性相对于不施氮处理降低了7.4~13.5 nmol·(g·h)~(-1),而使成熟期BG酶活性增大了7.0~31.4 nmol·(g·h)~(-1),同时根际与非根际土壤中BG酶活性也随水稻的生育期而发生相应的变化.与不施氮处理相比,施氮使水稻成熟期非根际土壤NAG酶活性增加了1.1倍,根际土壤降低了0.3倍.施氮和生育期显著影响土壤BG酶活性,而水稻生育期、施氮和根际效应及其交互作用均对NAG酶活性有极显著影响.RDA分析表明土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量主要影响水稻根际土壤胞外酶活性;而非根际土壤中酶活性的变化主要受微生物生物量氮(MBN)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的影响.土壤酶活性与多种因素存在复杂关系,需要综合考虑植物生理特征、土壤酶活性和土壤特征,分析N添加对微生物群落组成的影响.     

双季稻田CH4和N2 O排放特征及品种筛选研究

通过大田小区实验,采用静止箱-气相色谱法对早晚两季水稻品种CH4与N2O排放通量进行了观测.结果表明,早稻CH4排放季节变化呈单峰模式,N2O排放呈双峰模式;晚稻CH4与N2O排放季节变化均呈单峰模式.CH4、N2O季节平均排放通量品种间均存在显著差异(P<0.05).早稻品种CH4、N2O季节平均排放通量极差分别为0.58 mg.(m2.h)-1、5.89μg.(m2.h)-1,晚稻为4.06 mg.(m2.h)-1、5.70μg.(m2.h)-1;早稻品种温室气体排放的增温潜势、单位产量增温潜势极差分别为2.92 kg.hm-2、0.097 kg.kg-1,晚稻分别为2 256 kg.hm-2、0.28 kg.kg-1.增温潜势、单位产量增温潜势比较,常规稻>超级杂交稻>杂交稻.早稻无水稻种植区CH4、N2O季节排放通量分别是水稻种植区的27.1%～31.8%、33.6%～88.3%;晚稻分别是23.8%～28.8%、38.6%～45.3%.早稻适宜种植品种为陆两优819、金优402、湘早籼24号,晚稻品种为岳优9113、湘晚籼12号.     

氟虫双酰胺在水稻和稻田中的残留动态研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定了氟虫双酰胺19.8%悬浮剂(SC)在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态.结果表明,当氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物NNI-des-iodo的添加量为0.05～1.0 mg·kg-1时,其在水稻田土壤、田水、稻秆、稻米和稻壳中的平均回收率为78.2%～104.8%,变异系数为1.1%～4.4%.氟虫双酰胺在2011年三地(福建福州、天津、江苏南京)的稻田水中的降解半衰期为9.8～17.3 d,土壤中10.8～22.4 d,植株中7.6～17.3 d,其在稻田水样品中检出了代谢产物NNI-des-iodo,而在土壤和植株样品中未检出.在推荐使用剂量下,于末次施药10 d后,氟虫双酰胺在水稻稻米中的残留量均低于美国规定的在稻谷上的最大残留允许量(0.5 mg·kg-1).     

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.     

水稻重金属生态毒性诊断研究进展

从植物生态毒理学的角度,结合国内外研究成果,阐述了单一重金属和复合重金属在水稻中的生态毒性诊断研究进展,提出今后可以考虑追踪重金属在水稻中的运动规律,探讨复合污染对水稻的生态毒性.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.