TiO_2光催化还原重金属离子的研究进展

光催化还原技术越来越得到人们的认可。文章综述了TiO2光催化还原技术在废水中重金属离子处理方面的应用,从重金属离子的光催化还原机理、反应驱动力、光催化剂的失活与再生以及各种光催化还原重金属的影响因素等方面,阐述了重金属离子的光催化还原新进展。     

有机-无机肥配施对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响

通过坡地渗漏小区定位试验,研究总施氮量相同情况下,施肥方式对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响.结果表明,有机-无机肥配施会影响紫色土硝酸盐向下累积过程,显著降低紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐累积量.渗漏液中硝态氮含量在0.15～46.99mg·L-1之间,占总氮含量的66.4%～96.3%;总氮淋失量在(4.05±0.37)～(37.82±0.86)kg.hm-2之间,占当季施氮量的2.7%～25.2%.在维持总施氮量相同的条件下,与常规氮磷钾施肥相比,农家肥、秸秆与化肥配合施用的渗漏液总氮含量分别降低了71.0%、61.4%,总氮淋失量分别降低了48.1%、31.6%.这表明有机-无机肥配施能显著降低紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失量,对有效控制紫色土区浅层地下水硝酸盐污染具有重要作用.     

TiO2晶须在深度净化饮用水过程中失活原因分析

研究了TiO₂晶须在光催化深度净化饮用水过程中失活的原因及相应的再生方法.对TiO₂薄膜失活前后的AFM、XRD表征,以及对失活前后TiO₂晶须酸洗液的ICP分析表明,TiO₂晶须失活的主要原因是难溶性碳酸钙在催化剂表面的沉积.由于自来水中钙离子的存在以及有机物光催化降解过程中产生的二氧化碳,生成的难溶性碳酸钙覆盖在催化剂的表面,影响了紫外光的透光率,限制了光生电子和光生空穴的生成,导致催化剂的光催化能力逐渐下降直至失活;失活的催化剂通过1 mol/L的盐酸酸洗4　h后,光催化活性可以恢复到95%左右;多次失活/再生的催化剂的光催化活性保持较好的稳定性.     

SCR脱硝催化剂失活机理研究进展

在烟气脱硝系统中,选择性催化还原催化剂的中毒和再生是广泛关注的问题。本文从催化剂的烧结、As、Ca、碱金属中毒等方面阐述了SCR脱硝催化剂的失活机理。通过总结催化剂的各种失活机理,可以有针对性地根据燃料的特性以及飞灰的成分进行SCR脱硝系统的优化设计,从而有针对性的制定防止催化剂失活的措施,这对延长催化剂寿命,降低SCR脱硝系统的运行维护费用具有重要意义。     

二氧化碳的失汇

温室气体的大量排放所造成温室效应的加剧是全球变暖的基本原因。全球和区域碳循环已成为全球气候变化研究的重要内容之一。碳汇的巨大功能深受世人瞩目,影响碳汇增加因素的研究也越加必要。     

Evolution of soil fertility and nitrogen/phosphorus leaching risk in protected agriculture of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

Understanding changes in soil fertility and soil environmental risks in protected agriculture with high irrigation and fertilizer inputs are of great significance for ecological protection. In this study, soil samples in the plow layer were collected from greenhouses >100 acres in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau after different durations of planting time (either ≤ 3, 3-5, 5-10, or 10-20 years) to assess the changing pattern of soil fertility indicators and the potential leaching risk of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that soil organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in protected agriculture were 17.1 and 1.3 g/kg, respectively, which suggests moderate content levels. Meanwhile, soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (Olsen-P), and available potassium (AK) contents were 160.9, 72.0, and 191.2 mg/kg, respectively, which suggests abundant content levels. As the number of planting years increased, the contents of soil OM, TN, AN, and Olsen-P increased significantly, especially after 10 years, with 41.6%, 44.2%, 26.5%, and 67.4% increases, respectively, compared to ≤ 3 years. As seen, Olsen-P had the most marked increase. In contrast, soil AK and pH decreased with planting years, and soil AK after 5 years decreased by 32% compared to ≤ 3 years. Moreover, the soil pH value in 3-5 years decreased by 2.3% compared to that of ≤ 3 years. The leaching risk of soil nitrogen and phosphorus was intensified after 10-20 years, and the probability of leaching was 0.74 and 0.84, respectively. This study indicated that, in protected agriculture, soil OM, AN, and Olsen-P contents improved, accompanied by a high risk of N and P loss, and AK and soil pH values decreased. It is recommended that the input of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be controlled, and the input of potassium fertilizer should be increased for more than 10 years of facility cultivation. This study provides a scientific basis for the rational fertilization of agricultural facilities. The findings indicate that after facility planting for 10-20 years, soil organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus significantly increased, yet the leaching risk of nitrogen and phosphorus increased as well, suggesting that the input of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be controlled. After 3-5 years of planting, soil AK and pH values decreased significantly, implicating that potassium and organic fertilizer should be supplemented in a timely manner. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

天然文岩渠流域土壤水分渗漏和氮素淋失模拟

应用DNDC模型（denitrification-decomposition model）对黄淮海平原的典型平原小流域——天然文岩渠流域的土壤水分渗漏和氮素淋失状况进行了模拟.水氮控制田间试验的验证结果表明,模型对1 m土体日储水量、下界面硝态氮浓度、土壤水日渗漏量和氮素日淋失量的模拟均较理想,模拟值与实测值的相关系数分别达到了0.94（n=40）、 0.66（n=49）、 0.89（n=40）和0.94（n=39）,均方根误差则分别为15.66 mm、 2.66 mg·kg^-1、 9.00 mm和0.94 kg·hm^-2.模型在流域范围的模拟结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田在多年平均气象条件和常用水肥管理模式下,土壤的水分年渗漏量在220～327 mm之间,氮素年淋失量在73.1～100.6 kg·hm^-2之间.水氮淋失的空间和时间分布不均,淋失最严重的区域为固定细风沙土、砂土分布区,淋失时间主要集中于施肥、灌溉或强降雨之后.灌溉措施不当,施肥盲目以及土壤自身保水保肥能力差,是导致土壤水肥流失的主要原因.     

模拟酸雨对噬藻体PP失活率、野生藻的吸附率、裂解周期及释放量的影响

研究不同pH值的模拟酸雨对噬藻体PP失活率及噬藻体PP感染野生藻的吸附率、裂解周期及释放量的影响.用离心法测定了噬藻体PP对宿主藻的失活率、吸附率,用一步生长曲线法获得了噬藻体PP对宿主藻的裂解周期及释放量.结果表明,在pH 4.0～7.01的条件下:噬藻体PP 7 h的失活率分别为81.9%、74.8%、72.8%、67.1%,且pH4.0组的失活率显著高于与pH7.0组(对照组);噬藻体PP对野生藻的吸附率在45 min时达到最大值,分别为54%、56.9%、67.9%、68.8%,各处理组的最大吸附率均显著低于对照组;噬藻体PP感染野生藻的潜伏期均介于30～90 min之间,释放量分别约为42、52、29、104 PFU·mL-1,各处理组与对照组的释放量存在极显著差异.表明模拟酸雨对噬藻体感染动力学过程的影响具有重要的意义.     

秸秆还田条件下氮肥用量对稻田氮素淋失的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥用量对稻田田面水、渗漏水中氮素动态变化和淋失量的影响.结果表明,稻季秸秆还田量为6t/hm2,氮肥用量分别为0,120,180,240,300kg/hm2时,稻季田面水、渗漏水中无机氮(NH4+-N与NO3--N)浓度随氮肥用量的增加而显著增加,秸秆还田显著降低田面水和渗漏水中NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度;田面水中NH4+-N浓度在每次施肥后的第2d、NO3--N在第2~4d达到峰值,渗漏水中NH4+-N在每次施肥后的第2~4d, NO3--N在施基肥后的第20d左右达到峰值;不同处理田面水中NH4+-N、NO3--N的平均浓度及变幅分别为1.23±0.88(0.01~9.89)、1.14±0.18(0.14~2.86)mg/L,渗漏水中分别为1.78±1.60(0.03~22.66)、1.42±0.24(0.22~2.66)mg/L.稻田渗漏量与水稻移栽后天数呈极显著负相关,整个水稻生育期内的总渗漏量为298mm.不同施氮处理稻季NH4+-N、NO3--N的平均净淋失量分别为4.77±4.37 (0.45~12.33)、1.76±1.08(0.49~3.31)kg/hm2,占施氮量的2.57%~4.11%、0.41%~0.56%,氮素损失以NH4+-N为主.     

磷酸二氢钙和氯化钾对乌栅土氮素淋失的影响

利用土柱淋洗,研究了N、P、K共施对太湖乌栅土氮素(Urea-N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N)淋失的影响.结果表明,在不施尿素的条件下,N的淋失以NO₃^--N为主,占淋失总氮(Urea-N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N之和)的93.39%.施加尿素后,Urea-N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋失量明显增加,三者占淋失N的比例分别为3.95%、15.25%和80.80%,占施入N的比例分别为0.26%、0.80%和2.54%.Ca(H₂PO₄)₂或KCl均可显著增加3种形态N的淋失,使3种形态N占淋失TN的比例分别为4.54%、24.11%、71.35%和3.45%、24.53%、72.02%,占施入N的比例分别为0.39%、1.86%、3.34%和0.32%、2.12%、4.06%.Ca(H2PO4)2和KCl共施对N素淋失存在着一定的交互作用,使3种形态N占淋失TN的比例分别达到4.10%、27.35%和68.55%,占施入N的比例分别为0.42%、2.60%和4.26%.不同形态N淋失的先后顺序为:Urea-N >NH₄⁺-N>NO₃^--N,而淋失总量的顺序为:Urea-N < NH₄⁺3^--N.