我国新能源汽车产业发展现状、问题及对策

概念与意义 新能源汽车是指采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源（或使用常规的车用燃料、采用新型车载动力装置）,综合车辆的动力控制和驱动方面的先进技术,形成的技术原理先进,具有新技术、新结构的汽车。新能源汽车包括：混合动力汽车（HEV）、纯电动汽车（BEV）、燃料电池汽车（FCEV）、氢发动机汽车以及燃气汽车、醇醚汽车等。发展现状与问题中国新能源汽车产业始于21世纪初。2001年,我国启动了＂863＂计划电动汽车重大专项,涉及的电动汽车包括三类：     

碳源变化对降解2,4-D的好氧颗粒污泥性能及形态的影响

在长期运行的序批式生物反应器(SBR)中,考察了以葡萄糖和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)为混合碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥在转换为2,4-D唯一碳源废水后,其形态、结构及对目标污染物去除功能的变化.结果表明,基质转换为2,4-D单一碳源后,好氧颗粒污泥仍保持了对目标污染物高效的去除能力.当进水2,4-D浓度为361～564mg/L,其去除率为99.2%～100%,COD平均去除率达到85.6%.混合碳源向2,4-D单一碳源转换对原好氧颗粒结构产生一定破坏作用,使其发生部分解体,粒径由513μm下降到302μm.但好氧颗粒污泥良好的耐负荷冲击使其保持了颗粒主体,通过一段时间适应调整后能够重新聚集生长,最终获得能够利用2,4-D为唯一碳源生长并具有良好沉降性(SVI20～40mL/g)的好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为489μm.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察结果表明,混合碳源转向单一碳源使好氧颗粒生物相丰富度降低.     

Individual and combined toxic effects of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on earthworm

Toxicities were assessed for a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and an organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) individually and in combination. A series of tests were conducted on di erent responses (acute, chronic, behavioral) of earthworms of species Eisenia fetida andrei in the ecological risk assessment of these pesticides. The results showed that the toxicity of the mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than either of these pesticides individually, especially on the earthworm’s chronic responses. At a concentration of 5 mg/kg, the mixture caused significant reductions on the growth and reproduction rates of earthworms, but did not cause any significant e ect when the individual was tested. The increase in toxicity of the pesticide mixture means that the use of toxicity data obtained exclusively from single-pesticide experiments may underestimate the ecological risk of pesticides that actually present in the field.     

多菌种混合发酵转化秸秆技术的研究及应用进展

农作物秸秆是农业生产的副产品,也是一项重要的生物资源。利用微生物的广泛适应性和多功能性来转化秸秆已日益受到国内外科学研究者重视,特别是多菌种混合发酵是将秸秆纤维素转化为蛋白质、乙醇、乙酸等最具发展前景的方法。文章通过混合菌降解秸秆纤维,转化利用秸秆制蛋白饲料、燃料酒精、农用沼气等方面,对混合菌发酵转化秸秆技术的研究进展进行阐述。混合菌发酵转化秸秆已成为农业综合开发领域的一个亮点,正在朝着多元化,深层次的方向发展。     

利用δ15N-NO3-和δ18O-NO3-示踪北京城区河流硝酸盐来源

为定量化识别北京城区河流硝酸盐来源,采用δ~(15)N-NO~-_3和δ~(18)O-NO~-_3双同位素示踪法对北京城区河流河水硝酸盐的氮氧稳定同位素组成进行分析,利用稳定同位素混合模型追溯北京城区河流硝酸盐来源,并评估各污染源的贡献率.结果表明:1北京河流无机氮污染以硝酸盐氮(NO~-_3-N)污染为主,且河流下游硝酸盐氮污染较为严重.2北京城区地表河流δ~(15)N-NO~-_3值范围为6.26‰~24.94‰,δ~(18)O-NO~-_3值范围为-0.41‰~11.74‰;下游δ~(15)N-NO~-_3值比上游大.3根据稳定同位素混合模型,北京河流中硝酸盐贡献率平均值分别为:粪肥及生活污水61.2%、土壤有机氮31.5%、大气沉降7.3%.     

甘油基混合培养物合成PHA及其与OUR的关系

聚β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)以其较好的生物相容性、可生物降解性和再生性成为最有前途的生物高分子材料.本文基于甘油作为基质在饱食-饥饿模式下富集合成PHA的混培物,以乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸和葡萄糖作为基质考察混培物合成PHA的基质广谱性,结果表明乳酸和乙酸作为基质时PHA的产率系数较高;使用不同比例乙酸/丙酸混合基质时,PHA产量随着乙酸含量的增加而增大,乙酸/丙酸为3∶1时PHA产量最高.通过活性污泥同时贮存与生长模型模拟与线性回归两种方法证实,在单一基质或乙酸/丙酸混合基质情况下,PHA合成速率与OUR存在线性关系,因此,基于在线OUR测量数据可以实时估计PHA合成量.     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

大连湾口处夏秋季节温盐流及混合特征研究

基于2008年10月14至15日,2009年8月14至15日,20至21日在大连湾口进行的海流、温度和盐度的周日连续观测,对大连湾口处夏季、秋季的温、盐、流及混合特征进行了研究。结果表明,大连湾湾口处的平均混合率较强,约为10-3m2/s;混合率的最大值超过10-2m2/s,比大洋混合率的背景场量值高3个数量级;夏季大潮期的混合率大于小潮期。强混合可归因于以下几个方面:(1)风的机械能是海洋上层混合的一个主要来源;(2)潮致混合是大连湾口处夏季、秋季混合的主要类型;(3)边界层内较强的底摩擦是底层混合的重要贡献因素;(4)剪切不稳定是产生强混合的主要动力机制之一。     

浙江永康盆地朝川组泥灰岩段沉积特征及其古气候意义

位于浙江省东部的永康盆地是典型的白垩纪陆相红盆。本文作者发现在永康盆地北东部的朝川组红层沉积中发育较深水暗色泥灰岩沉积,与较浅水红色细碎屑沉积呈互层或夹层产出,具渐变式湖相碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩混合沉积的特征。控制该混合沉积形成的主要因素是湖盆浪基面之下的静水环境及干旱与潮湿气候的交替变化。通过对朝川组泥灰岩段沉积环境及成因进行分析,结合该泥灰岩段中保存的孢粉和植物化石组合,笔者认为该套湖相碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩的混合沉积反映了浙东地区早白垩世晚期总体可能处于干热气候环境,但存在短时间内的干-湿气候交替。     

降解纤维素产甲烷的四菌复合系

自然环境中通常是微生物群落协同完成纤维素的降解,构建可降解纤维素的混菌体系是认识微生物相互作用的关键.利用富集培养法,结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹检测技术以及厌氧滚管技术,建立了一种筛选简单降解纤维素产甲烷复合菌系的方法.利用此方法从青藏高原若尔盖高寒湿地分离到一个由4株菌构成的降解纤维素产甲烷的稳定菌系.结果表明,该复合菌系由纤维素水解菌Clostridium glycolicum、非纤维素水解菌Trichococcus flocculiformis和Parabacteroides merdae、产甲烷古菌Methanobacterium subterraneum等具有不同功能的4种菌株组成,且在这4株菌的共同作用下可将纤维素直接转化为CH4.该简单复合系的获得为今后纤维素转化甲烷复合菌系的代谢控制和遗传改造提供了一个平台.