林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.      

湖泊营养物生态分区：中国东北的分区试验

湖泊营养物生态分区是实现湖泊富营养化分区控制的基础。论文以东北区为研究区域,从自然地理要素、生态系统和人类活动三方面建立指标体系,利用粗糙集方法确定各指标的权重,并据此计算栅格尺度湖泊营养物生态分区评价分值,并将其投影到小流域尺度上。在小流域尺度采用双约束空间聚类算法开展湖泊营养物生态分区。结果表明：①采用粗糙集方法,运用属性重要度确定各属性的客观权重,适合用于测算湖泊营养物生态分区指标体系中各指标的权重;②采用双约束空间聚类进行湖泊营养物生态分区,保证了分区结果在空间上的连续性和评价分值上的接近性;③可以将东北区分为大兴安岭北部山地区、小兴安岭山地-三江平原区、长白山山地区、松嫩平原区和辽东、辽西丘陵-辽河平原区。     

中亚热带5种类型森林土壤微生物群落特征

采用PLFA(phospholipid fatty acids,磷脂脂肪酸)分析法研究江西省九连山国家级自然保护区杉木纯林、马尾松纯林、杉木阔叶混交林、马尾松阔叶混交林与天然常绿阔叶林的土壤微生物群落结构特征,探讨植被特征和土壤理化特征对土壤微生物群落的影响. 结果表明:①杉木阔叶混交林土壤细菌、放线菌和总微生物生物量最高,分别为7.77、1.74和18.21 nmol/g,而马尾松纯林均最低. ②针阔混交显著提高了土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度. 土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度均与土壤含水率、w(AN)(AN为有效氮)、w(TC)、w(TN)呈显著正相关(R为0.426~0.701),而与C/N〔w(TC)/w(TN)〕呈显著负相关(R分别为-0.447、-0.518). ③w(AN)对土壤微生物群落结构的解释率达55.8%. 尽管林下灌木、草本层生物量对土壤微生物生物量影响不大,但对微生物群落结构有一定影响,解释率分别为5.5%和6.3%. 灌草层丰富度与土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度呈显著正相关(R为0.369~0.452). 可见,阔叶树种和林下灌草层能够显著影响土壤微生物群落组成.      

Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ),followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu(Ⅱ) than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu(Ⅱ) (36.7% to 42.2%) and Pb(Ⅱ) (50.4% to 57.9%) were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition： A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/(m2·a). Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm). Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/(m2·a) for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3- in the soil.     

各国碳减排路线图(连载五) 印度:清洁发展机制做得好努力

印度发展低碳经济主要是基于本国的国情。地处于热带和亚热带地区的印度,与世界上其他地区相比,应对气候变化更为脆弱。气候变化可能改变印度自然资源的布局和质量,对印度人民的生活产生严重的负面影响。气候变化造成的水源短缺、农作物减产和健康恶化等问题,使印度农村贫困问题更加严峻。印度的能源结构以煤为主,煤占总能源的53%。从20世纪90年代以来,印度对煤炭的需求逐渐扩大,形成以煤为主的能源结构。即使是在2009—     

亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解过程中氮和磷在不同雨热季节的释放动态

为理解植物—土壤之间的养分联系,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究季节性降雨期间常绿阔叶林区最具代表性的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)等6种凋落叶第一年不同雨热季节分解中氮(N)、磷(P)动态及释放与富集特征.结果显示,凋落叶的N浓度随雨季的变化动态取决于树种,但除红椿以外的其它5种凋落叶在分解初期N浓度变化不明显,在雨季时期显著升高(P<0.05);6种凋落叶P浓度动态比较一致,表现为分解初期P浓度稍微下降,在雨季时期显著升高(P<0.05).历经一年的分解,红椿N、P释放率最大(分别为81.79%、54.19%),香樟N富集率最大(131.45%),马尾松的P富集率最高(268.75%),且6种凋落叶N、P释放/富集率动态均在雨季最明显.凋落叶分解过程中C/N、C/P呈现下降趋势,而N/P变化规律不一致.这些结果均表明,季节性降雨显著(P<0.05)影响凋落叶N、P动态,雨季温湿度的改变可影响N、P释放过程.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木林皆伐后林地土壤肥力的变化

研究了皆伐对亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木林林地土壤（δ0-20cm)肥力的影响。结果表明：皆伐后林地土壤生生物数量增加，土壤酶活性增强，增强的幅度以水解酶活性为大，但随着时间的推移，微生物数量和酶活性均下降；土壤有机质，全氮，全磷含量下降，速效养分虽有较大幅度的增加，但随着时间的推移也呈下降趋势；土壤交换性能得到了一定程度的改善，土壤物理性质变差。表5参10     

东海浮游多毛类环境适应分析

根据1997～2000年东海23°30′～33°N、118°30′～128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用拟合曲线方法,探讨浮游多毛类对温度和盐度的适应特征,分析不同物种的生态类型.结果表明,东海4季鉴定到种的浮游多毛类共有20种.其中,游蚕(Pelagobis longicirrata)、秀丽浮蚕(Tomopteris elegans)、等须浮蚕(Tomopteris duccii)、方背鳞虫(Lepidonotus squamatus)和岛居拟帚毛虫(Lygdamis nesiotes)等对温度变化不敏感,是广温种;秀丽浮蚕还具有广泛的盐度适应,是广盐种;太平洋浮蚕(Tomopteris pacifica)是热带大洋种,可作为暖流指示种;丝鳃稚齿虫(Prionospio malmgreni)是广温近海种;其它物种为亚热带外海种.与东海大多数浮游动物类群相同,多毛类以亚热带外海种为主.但是多毛类中广温种占有较大的比例,这是该类有别于其它浮游动物类群的重要特征.图2表3参20