基于多项植被指数的景观生态类型遥感解译与分类——以额济纳天然绿洲景观为例

基于研究区2001年Landsat7ETM+遥感影像数据,运用遥感与GIS技术手段,在对遥感影像的边界裁定、几何校正、辐射校正等预处理的基础之上,根据绿洲景观生态类型分类体系,通过综合应用非监督分类、植被指数与波段比值指数聚类、监督分类以及类型叠加与图像整合等方法,进行绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类,生成研究区2001年的景观生态类型图。为尽可能利用到遥感影像的所有原始数据信息,论文选取5种植被指数(NDV I、DV I、RV I、IPV I、SA VI)和9种波段比值指数(Index1I-ndex9)参与到遥感影像的解译与分类当中,结果表明:NDV I、DV I、IPV I、SAV I、R VI、Index5、Index6具有较大的相似性,能够明显地将具有植被信息的类别分离出来,利于划分具有植被信息的景观类型;Index1-Index4具有较好的类别空间分离性,利于不同类别间的聚类与区分;而Index7-Index9的类别分离性则较差,不利于类别聚类与划分。因此,在实际的应用中,选取多项植被指数参与景观分类,不仅能够发现新的信息,而且也会明显提高景观生态类型、尤其是干旱区绿洲景观生态类型的遥感解译与分类能力。     

荒漠绿洲土壤抗生素抗性基因分布特征及驱动机制

荒漠绿洲农田生态系统是干旱区环境下人类活动显著的复合生态系统.土壤微生物抗生素抗性与人类健康和生态平衡关系密切.研究荒漠绿洲环境不同土地利用类型模式下土壤抗生素抗性基因的多样性、分布特征和影响因素,对于评估干旱区土壤环境健康风险,促进绿洲农业生态的发展具有重要意义.采用高通量测序和高通量定量PCR技术对荒漠绿洲土壤微生物的群落结构和抗生素抗性基因多样性开展了研究,旨在探究干旱区土壤抗性基因的分布特征及其驱动机制.结果表明,从沙漠边缘到绿洲,荒漠沙生植物土壤、棉花地土壤、玉米地土壤、芦苇地土壤和湖泊沉积物中抗生素抗性的种类和丰度显著增加,与土地利用变化关系密切,农田土壤是抗性基因的重要存储库;荒漠绿洲土壤微生物群落与抗生素抗性基因显著相关,硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、沙漠细菌属(Pontibacter)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、耐盐微杆菌属(Salinimicrobium)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等是各类抗性基因重要的潜在携带者;干旱区土壤中重(类)金属元素和可移动基因元件,与微生物群落共同塑造了抗生...     

干早区绿洲形成演变与开发利用研究

绿洲是我国西北干旱区所特有。绿洲在干旱区所占面积虽少，却是干旱区人民赖以生存的场所。绿洲不仅是荒漠中的奇观，也是人类进军荒漠的大本营。目前，干旱区绿洲尚处在开发利用的初期，而水土矛盾和环境劣变问题已突出地摆在了开发者面前。因此，有必要对绿洲进行系统的研究，并从其形成演变的规律中探讨合理开发利用的途径。     

荒漠交错带开发利用研究——以新疆于田绿洲为例

绿州—荒漠交错带是一个生态环境脆弱带 ,由于其自然系统发育的先天不足 ,加上人类的开发活动 ,经济发展与生态环境保护矛盾进一步加剧 ,已成为影响绿洲发展的一个重要方面。本文以于田绿洲为例 ,通过分析于田绿洲荒漠交错带的开发利用现状 ,提出相应的交错带生态环境建设的建议和保护措施。     

Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area： A case study in the Shiyang River Basin, China

Ecosystem risk is a new concept in understanding environmental problems. It is important to study and develop quantitative methods for regional ecosystem risk analysis. In this study, some new indicators and methods for measuring oasis ecosystem risk were established using reliability theory. These indicators are linked to water resource, which is the key restricting factor in arid area oasis ecosystems. They have clear meanings and can also be compared in different arid area oases. A case study in the Liangzhou oasis of the Shiyang River Basin in China shows how to calculate these ecosystem risk indicators. The results of the case study are as follows： the reliability indicator, risk indicator, stability indicator, and integrated loss indicator of the Liangzhou oasis are 0.686, 0.314, 0.743, and 0.301, respectively. This means that the reliability degree of the oasis＇s ecosystem safety is 68.6%; the degree of risk that it is unsafe is 31.4%; the stability degree is 74.3%; and 30.1% of the oasis＇s area is supported by over-exploiting underground water and damaging the lower reaches of the ecosystem. This result can be used as a guide in controlling and managing ecosystem risk in the research area.     

Adaptation of Nitraria sphaerocarpa to wind-blown sand environments at the edge of a desert oasis

This study addresses the adaptation of Nitraria sphaervcarpa to blown sand at the edge of a desert oasis with regard to the aspects of soil seed banks, seedlings, and population. Horizontally, the total number of seeds per unit area decreased from the shrub canopy center to intershrub areas, and most seeds were found under shrub canopies. Vertically, the highest proportion of seeds was found at depths of 5-10 cm. The emergence percentage, seedling mass, and seedling height, which were significantly affected by both burial depth and seed size, were highest at the optimal burial depth of 2 cm, and decreased with increasing burial depth in each seed size-class. Although seedling mass was usually greatest for large seeds and least for small seeds at each burial depth, little difference was observed in seedling height at shallow burial depths of 0-3 cm. The population shows a patchy and discontinuous distribution pattern. Population height increases with increasing sand depth. Also the density increases with increasing depth of sand in the desert; however, there is a steady decrease when the depth of sand is more than 100 cm. This result indicates that the depth of sand that is most suitable for the growth of Nitraria sphaervcarpa is 100 cm. The size of the population is significantly correlated with the sand depth, which increases with increasing depth in the desert.     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium in cole （Brassica campestris L.） and celery （Apium graveolens） grown in the polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium (Cd) in cole (Brassica campestris L.) and celery (Apium graveolens) grown in the Cd-polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China. The results showed that Cd in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly bound to carbonate fraction (F2) and Fe-Mn oxide fraction (F3). However, marked change of Cd fractions was observed with increasing soil Cd concentrations, in which the concentration of Cd in F1 (exchangeable fraction), F2 and F3 increased significantly (p < 0.001 for F1, F2 and F3). The growth of cole and celery could be facilitated by low concentrations of Cd, but inhibited by high concentrations. The correlation analysis between the fraction distribution coefficient of Cd in the soil and Cd concentration accumulated in the two vegetables showed that Cd in F1 in the soil made the greatest contribution on the accumulation of Cd in the two vegetables. The high bio-concentration factor and the translocation factor of Cd in both cole and celery were observed, and Cd had higher accumulation in the edible parts of the two vegetables. Therefore, both cole and celery grown in Cd-polluted oasis soil have higher risk to human health. And the two vegetables are not suitable to be cultivated as vegetables consumed by human in the Cd-polluted oasis soil.     

来自撒哈拉的绿洲计划

还记得那片属于三毛的撒哈拉沙漠么,如果有一天它将不再存在,你会作何感想？上周在约旦就签署了一个雄心勃勃的撒哈拉森林项目（SFP）——将干旱沙漠变成绿洲。     

干旱区绿洲城市的宜居性评价——以奎屯市为例

选取干旱区典型的绿洲城市新疆奎屯市为研究对象,运用主客观相结合的评价方法,评价其宜居程度;并选取经济、环境、社会三大类25个指标,采用主成分分析法对研究区2006-2012年的宜居水平进行评价.同时,从环境怡人性、生活便宜性、居住安全感、居住归属感四个方面21个指标,对城市居民宜居满意度调查.结果表明,社会生活环境质量、自然环境质量、经济发展状况是影响奎屯市城市宜居性的主要因素;研究区宜居程度不高,但呈增长态势;在人居环境满意度因子中,城市生态环境等指标,居民的满意率不高.     

耕作历史和种植制度对绿洲农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

耕作历史和种植方式是影响黑河绿洲农田土壤总有机碳及其组成的重要因素。研究结果显示,随着耕作时间的延长,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(AOC)、惰性有机碳(NOC)的含量均呈增加趋势,但AOC、NOC的增幅存在差异,AOC因性质活泼,对农业活动等措施引起的变化较NOC有较快响应,因此,在耕作的初期(0~5 a),AOC的增幅高于NOC,而20 a的耕地NOC增幅大于AOC,之后达到AOC与NOC的增幅接近(>100 a)的动态发展趋势,表明总有机碳含量积累的过程是AOC与NOC增幅逐渐接近、NOC积累增速的过程。>100 a的耕地,因种植方式不同,剖面上TOC、AOC、NOC含量呈现出:油菜地>普通玉米地>制种玉米地>小麦地。分析发现,绿洲区近年来大面积种植制种玉米引起TOC、AOC、NOC发生改变,增加秸秆或牲畜粪便的归还量是提高土壤有机碳的有效途径。