稳定型纳米零价铁去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚

为改善纳米零价铁(NZVI)在水溶液中容易发生团聚和易被氧化的缺点.本文研究利用廉价易得的环境友好型材料羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)对NZVI进行包覆改性,利用空间位阻效应提高其分散悬浮性.利用透射电镜和X射线衍射研究了改性后的纳米铁微观结构及物相组成,通过化学实验研究其对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除效果.结果表明,改性后的NZVI直径大约在80~100 nm,呈链状或分散颗粒分布,主要物质组成为零价铁,具有强还原性.当CMS的比例为80.00%时,悬浮性最佳;经过CMS包覆改性后,NZVI还保留原有的活性,在不同包覆比例对于2,4-DCP的去除效果的实验中发现,同样CMS比例为80%时去除效果最好,达到83.69%,且有明显的脱氯降解过程.     

针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-二氯苯酚厌氧降解的影响

2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)常用于农药生产,在水体和土壤中广泛分布,具有难降解、高毒性的特点.通过模拟自然过程,在厌氧反应体系中投加铁氧化物和硫酸盐矿物,重点考察了不同矿物对2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果发现,厌氧体系中针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-DCP均没有明显的吸附作用;质量衡算结果表明所有反应体系中仅发生2,4-DCP向4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)的转化;与无外加碳源组相比,乙酸钠的加入使得2,4-DCP的还原脱氯反应速率增大一倍.分析表明针铁矿和磁铁矿加入可刺激脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而提高微生物的电子传递能力和2,4-DCP的降解速率;石膏加入强烈抑制脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而抑制2,4-DCP的降解.研究结果对认识难生化降解卤代酚在厌氧环境中的迁移转化及环境工程中此类物质的处理具有潜在意义.     

CMC改性的纳米Fe/Cu双金属去除2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

为解决纳米零价金属在水中暴露出的极易聚集与氧化的问题,本研究使用铜作为纳米零价铁(NZVI)的复合金属,制得纳米Fe/Cu双金属,并用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对其包覆改性.使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射以及氮气吸附/脱附等温线对改性前后的双金属进行表征.结果表明,改性之后的材料具有更大的尺寸以及比表面积,且抗氧化性得到显著增强.材料的沉降实验以及对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)降解实验的结果揭示,CMC的包覆比对改性后双金属的分散性与反应活性影响较大.当包覆比为80%时,双金属的分散稳定性最强,释放的活性位点个数最多,表现为最高的反应活性.此时脱氯效率达到90.3%,且脱氯过程和产物发生明显改变.     

pH和盐对活性炭纤维吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响

研究了pH和盐对活性炭纤维ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响。结果表明,在pH0～14范围内,吸附量先随着pH的增大而增大,然后吸附量随着pH的增大而减小,在pH11时吸附量最小但不为零;在pH11～14范围内,吸附量随着pH增大而增大;ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的最佳pH分别为2和3。盐的存在对吸附2,4-二硝基酚有利,低pH时,氯化钠的作用是盐析效应;在pH较大时,氯化钠的作用是屏蔽效应。     

2,4-二硝基酚在离子交换树脂上吸附与微波脱附

研究了717强碱阴离子交换树脂对水中2,4-二硝基苯酚(2,4-DNP)的吸附解吸性能,探讨了吸附的热力学和动力学特性及其微波脱附性能。结果表明:在pH=4～11时,该树脂对2,4-DNP有较强的吸附能力。Freundlich吸附等温方程能很好地描述吸附平衡数据,吸附过程为放热、熵减的自发过程。吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是吸附速率的主要控制步骤,可采用HSDM模型描述。以1mol/L HNO3+C2H5OH溶液作为脱附剂,采用微波辅助脱附再生,微波辐照累计5min时,酚脱附率可达90%以上。     

Effects of humic acid fractions with different polarities on photodegradation of 2, 4-D in aqueous environments

Four fractions (A, B, C, and D) of humic acids (HAs) were separated based on the polarity from weak to strong. UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis show that the fractions C and Dpossessedmore aromatic C=C content. The influences of HAs and their fractions on the photolysis were investigated by the photodegradation of 2,4-D solutions under simulated solar light irradiation. The degradation rate of 2,4-D was found to decrease in the presence of bulk HAs or their fractions especially at high HAs concentration. The fractions of strong polarity C and D retarded the degradation rate more than the fractions of weak polarity A and B. This could be attributed to the different absorption intensity of the four HAs fractions in the order of D ⩾ C > A > B, and the stronger π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions between the strong polar fractions and 2,4-D.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

α-FeOOH类Fenton可见光光催化降解有毒有机污染物

用氨水滴定法制备了针铁矿α-FH,以α-FeOOH作为光催化剂,橙Ⅱ(Orange-Ⅱ)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)为目标化合物,研究了可见光照射下(λ＞420 nm) α-FeOOH对其光催化降解的催化特性.结果表明:在可见光照射下,pH为7.02,H2O2浓度为1.5×10-2...     

Reductive transformation and detoxification mechanism of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in combined zero valent iron and anaerobic-aerobic process

A combined zero valent iron (ZVI) and anaerobic-aerobic process was adopted for the treatment of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-containing wastewater. The transformation pathway, reduction of acute toxicity and enhancement of biodegradability were investigated. After pretreatment by ZVI, DNCB in wastewater could be completely converted into 2,4-diaminochlorobenzene (DACB). The ratio of BOD₅/COD increased from 0.005 ± 0.001 to 0.168 ± 0.007, while EC_{50, 48 hr} (V/V) increased from 0.65% to 5.20%, indicating the enhancement of biodegradability and reduction of acute toxicity with the pretreatment by ZVI. DACB was further dechlorinated to m-phenylenediamine during the anaerobic process using methanol as electron donor, with EC_{50, 48 hr} increasing from 5.20% to 48.2%. After the subsequent anaerobic-aerobic process, m-phenylenediamine was degraded completely, with effluent COD of 67.5 ± 10.8 mg/L. This effluent of the subsequent anaerobic-aerobic process was not toxic to zebrafish. The combined ZVI and anaerobic-aerobic process offers bright prospects for the treatment of chlorinated nitroaromatic compound-containing wastewater.     

改性石墨电极对DNP废水的降解过程研究

使用自制改性石墨/PTFE气体扩散电极作为阴极,铁电极作为阳极,构成电-Fenton反应体系对2,4-二硝基苯酚废水进行处理。一定电解条件下,研究了D(N/P)、D(N/P/Cu)自制气体扩散阴极电极对2,4-二硝基苯酚废水的处理效果及处理过程废水中金属离子、电导率的变化情况。结果表明,电解60 min时D(N/P/Cu)电极对DNP的去除率达到80.9%,最大去除率比D(N/P)高22.43%。阴极电极中铜离子的掺入不仅提高了电解效率,而且也大大降低了铁阳极的消耗及铁泥的产生量。对D(N/P/Cu)电极电解后的沉淀底物进行了红外光谱分析,发现沉淀物中除了未被降解的DNP外还含有分解产生的小分子烷烃类、胺类等中间产物。通过SEM对改性石墨电极表面进行了观察,发现电极材料粘合牢固紧凑,表面分布许多微小气孔,其中在改性石墨中掺入铜离子的D(N/P/Cu)电极表面更加致密光滑。