铋电极差分脉冲伏安法测定水中痕量2,4-二硝基苯肼

以自制铋电极作为工作电极，建立了铋电极差分脉冲伏安法测定2，4-二硝基苯肼的分析方法。实验结果表明：以0.1 mol/L NaOH+0.1 mol/L KCl混合溶液（pH=13.0）配制测定底液，在扫描速率为100 mV/s的条件下，2，4-二硝基苯肼于-0.53 V处产生灵敏的氧化峰;在2，4-二硝基苯肼浓度为3.0×10-8~1.0×10-5 mol/L范围内，空白和试样的氧化峰电流强度差值与对应2，4-二硝基苯肼浓度的对数呈良好的线性关系，检出限达8.37×10-9 mol/L;将该方法应用于工业废水中痕量2，4-二硝基苯肼的检测，回收率为95.6%~103.1%，相对标准偏差小于3%。     

Fe3O4稳定化纳米Pd/Fe对水中2,4-D的催化还原脱氯研究

采用四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)稳定化纳米Pd/Fe催化脱氯水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),获得了良好的处理效果.实验考察了Fe3O4投加量、pH、钯化率、温度、搅拌速率等因素对2,4-D去除的影响.2,4-D去除率随Fe3O4投加量增加而提高,投加量为4.0 g·L-1时,反应210 min后,2,4-D去除率为93.5%,而未稳定的纳米Pd/Fe,去除率为47.3%.低pH可促进2,4-D还原脱氯,pH为2.6~4.1时,2,4-D在110 min内几乎完全去除.2,4-D去除率随钯化率增加而提高.随着钯化率由0.25%、0.50%增加到0.75%,210 min后,2,4-D的去除率也由51.4%、93.5%提高到99.9%.温度在16.5~30.0℃范围内,反应210 min后,2,4-D去除率均可超过90.0%.温度升高到35.0、40.0℃时,去除率显著下降.2,4-D去除率随着搅拌速率加快而提高.Fe3O4的加入可以使纳米Pd/Fe分散和稳定.此外,Fe0可通过Fe3O4将电子传递给H+和2,4-D,促进2,4-D的还原脱氯.     

ZVI/EDDS/Air体系降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

建立零价铁(ZVI)、乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)和曝气三者组成的类Fenton(ZVI/EDDS/Air)处理体系,考察了初始EDDS浓度、铁粉投加量、曝气速率、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)浓度、初始pH以及反应温度等对水溶液中2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果表明,该体系能有效降解2,4-DCP,并且其降解规律符合准一级动力学方程.在2,4-DCP质量浓度100 mg·L-1、EDDS浓度0.80 mmol.L-1、铁粉投加量20 g·L-1、曝气速率为2 L.(min.L)-1的最佳实验条件下室温反应1 h,2,4-DCP的降解率达到99%.ZVI/EDDS/Air体系对氯酚的降解较ZVI/EDTA/Air体系具有环境友好、反应条件温和,而且对2,4-DCP的降解效果好等优点.     

Understanding the electrode reaction process of dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of pH and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration

Herein,with the exploitation of iron and nickel electrodes,the 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)dechlorinating processes at the anode and cathode,respectively,were separately studied via various electrochemical techniques(e.g.,Tafel polarization,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).With this in mind,Ni/Fe nanoparticles were prepared by chemical solution deposition,and utilized to test the dechlorination activities of 2,4-DCP over a bimetallic system.For the iron anode,the results showed that higher 2,4-DCP concentration and solution acidity aggravated the corrosion within the electrode.The charge transfer resistance(R_(ct))values of the iron electrode were 703,473,444,and 437Ω·cm~2 for the initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of0,20,50,and 80 mg/L,respectively.When the bulk pH of the 2,4-DCP solution varied from 3.0,5.0to 7.0,the corresponding R_(ct) values were 315,376,and 444Ω·cm~2,respectively.For the nickel cathode,the reduction current densities on the electrode at-0.75 V(vs.saturated calomel electrode)were 80,106,and 111μA/cm~2,for initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of 40,80,and125 mg/L.The dechlorination experiments demonstrated that when the initial pH of the solution was 7.0,5.0,and 3.0,the dechlorination percentage of 2,4-DCP by Ni/Fe nanoparticles was 62%,69%,and 74%,respectively,which was in line with the electrochemical experiments.10 wt.%Ni loading into Ni/Fe bimetal was affordable and gave a good dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP,and fortunately the Ni/Fe nanoparticles remained comparatively stable in the dechlorination processes at pH 3.0.     

稳定型纳米零价铁去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚

为改善纳米零价铁(NZVI)在水溶液中容易发生团聚和易被氧化的缺点.本文研究利用廉价易得的环境友好型材料羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)对NZVI进行包覆改性,利用空间位阻效应提高其分散悬浮性.利用透射电镜和X射线衍射研究了改性后的纳米铁微观结构及物相组成,通过化学实验研究其对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除效果.结果表明,改性后的NZVI直径大约在80~100 nm,呈链状或分散颗粒分布,主要物质组成为零价铁,具有强还原性.当CMS的比例为80.00%时,悬浮性最佳;经过CMS包覆改性后,NZVI还保留原有的活性,在不同包覆比例对于2,4-DCP的去除效果的实验中发现,同样CMS比例为80%时去除效果最好,达到83.69%,且有明显的脱氯降解过程.     

针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-二氯苯酚厌氧降解的影响

2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)常用于农药生产,在水体和土壤中广泛分布,具有难降解、高毒性的特点.通过模拟自然过程,在厌氧反应体系中投加铁氧化物和硫酸盐矿物,重点考察了不同矿物对2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果发现,厌氧体系中针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-DCP均没有明显的吸附作用;质量衡算结果表明所有反应体系中仅发生2,4-DCP向4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)的转化;与无外加碳源组相比,乙酸钠的加入使得2,4-DCP的还原脱氯反应速率增大一倍.分析表明针铁矿和磁铁矿加入可刺激脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而提高微生物的电子传递能力和2,4-DCP的降解速率;石膏加入强烈抑制脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而抑制2,4-DCP的降解.研究结果对认识难生化降解卤代酚在厌氧环境中的迁移转化及环境工程中此类物质的处理具有潜在意义.     

CMC改性的纳米Fe/Cu双金属去除2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

为解决纳米零价金属在水中暴露出的极易聚集与氧化的问题,本研究使用铜作为纳米零价铁(NZVI)的复合金属,制得纳米Fe/Cu双金属,并用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对其包覆改性.使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射以及氮气吸附/脱附等温线对改性前后的双金属进行表征.结果表明,改性之后的材料具有更大的尺寸以及比表面积,且抗氧化性得到显著增强.材料的沉降实验以及对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)降解实验的结果揭示,CMC的包覆比对改性后双金属的分散性与反应活性影响较大.当包覆比为80%时,双金属的分散稳定性最强,释放的活性位点个数最多,表现为最高的反应活性.此时脱氯效率达到90.3%,且脱氯过程和产物发生明显改变.     

pH和盐对活性炭纤维吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响

研究了pH和盐对活性炭纤维ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响。结果表明,在pH0～14范围内,吸附量先随着pH的增大而增大,然后吸附量随着pH的增大而减小,在pH11时吸附量最小但不为零;在pH11～14范围内,吸附量随着pH增大而增大;ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的最佳pH分别为2和3。盐的存在对吸附2,4-二硝基酚有利,低pH时,氯化钠的作用是盐析效应;在pH较大时,氯化钠的作用是屏蔽效应。     

Effects of humic acid fractions with different polarities on photodegradation of 2, 4-D in aqueous environments

Four fractions (A, B, C, and D) of humic acids (HAs) were separated based on the polarity from weak to strong. UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis show that the fractions C and Dpossessedmore aromatic C=C content. The influences of HAs and their fractions on the photolysis were investigated by the photodegradation of 2,4-D solutions under simulated solar light irradiation. The degradation rate of 2,4-D was found to decrease in the presence of bulk HAs or their fractions especially at high HAs concentration. The fractions of strong polarity C and D retarded the degradation rate more than the fractions of weak polarity A and B. This could be attributed to the different absorption intensity of the four HAs fractions in the order of D ⩾ C > A > B, and the stronger π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions between the strong polar fractions and 2,4-D.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.