车辆限行前后奥运场馆附近空气中苯系物污染特征与来源

在"好运北京"体育赛事车辆限行前后对北京奥运场馆,即四环路健翔桥附近空气中的6种苯系物进行了连续监测。监测结果显示,被测空气的苯系物中甲苯所占比例最大,为32.1%~42.5%,限行后总苯系物平均质量浓度降低了近47%。车辆限行前后,苯系物呈现类似的日变化规律,在交通早、晚高峰时出现峰值。限行前苯系物处于累积状态,日最高值出现在18点,限行后苯系物处于扩散状态,日最高值出现在8点。苯系物来源解析表明,整个交通管制期间苯/甲苯浓度的比值为0.49~0.55,且各苯系物具有良好的相关性,证明被测空气中苯系物具有良好的同源性,均来自汽车尾气。限制车流量可有效降低空气中苯系物浓度。     

计算机仿真技术应用于奥运场馆火灾安全分析

以奥运场馆旧馆改造项目为背景,利用计算机技术,采用性能化防火分析手段,建立了对奥运场馆进行性能化防火分析的软件系统.该系统采用数值模拟的方法,将火灾场景模拟与结构分析综合为一体,完成了性能化防火分析思想的软件实现,利用该系统模拟了被指定为北京奥运会比赛用馆的某已建体育馆在设定火灾下的火灾场景和结构温度场分布,并对该场馆的火灾安全提出了进一步分析的建议,通过分析结果可以得到网架结构的最危险区域的温度.实例分析表明,该系统功能强大,运行方便,充分体现了计算机仿真技术在建筑防火分析中的优越性.     

Assessment of traffic-related air pollution in the urban streets before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games traffic control period

In order to investigate the air quality and the abatement of traffic-related pollution during the 2008 Olympic Games, we select 12 avenues in the urban area of Beijing to calculate the concentrations of PM₁₀, CO, NO₂ and O₃ before and during the Olympic traffic controlling days, with the OSPM model.Through comparing the modeled results with the measurement results on a representative street, the OSPM model is validated as sufficient to predict the average concentrations of these pollutants at street level, and also reflects their daily variations well, i.e. CO presents the similar double peaks as the traffic flow, PM₁₀ concentration is influenced by other sources. Meanwhile, the model predicts O₃ to stay less during the daytime and ascend in the night, just opposite to NO₂, which reveals the impact of photochemical reactions. In addition, the predicted concentrations on the windward side often exceed the leeward side, indicating the impact of the special street shape, as well as the wind.The comparison between the predicted street concentrations before and during the Olympic traffic control period shows that the overall on-road air quality was improved effectively, due to the 32.3% traffic flow reduction. The concentrations of PM₁₀, CO and NO₂ have reduced from 142.6 μg m⁻³, 3.02 mg m⁻³ and 118.7 μg m⁻³ to 102.0 μg m⁻³, 2.43 mg m⁻³ and 104.1 μg m⁻³. However, the different pollutants show diverse changes after the traffic control. PM₁₀ decreases most, and the reduction effect focusing on the first half-day even clears the morning peak, whereas CO and NO₂ have even reductions to minify the daily fluctuations on the whole. Opposite to the other pollutants, ozone shows an increase of concentration. The average reduction rate of PM₁₀, CO, NO₂ and O₃ are respectively 28%, 19.3%, 12.3% and −25.2%. Furthermore, the streets in east, west, south and north areas present different air quality improvements, probably induced by the varied background pollution in different regions around Beijing, along with the impact of wind force. This finding suggests the pollution control in the surrounding regions, not only in the urban area.     

奥运期间北京典型交通环境气态污染物特征及人体吸入剂量

为了评估2008年奥运会期间北京市机动车控制措施效果,对不同控制措施阶段北四环道路的气态污染物进行监测,并同步采集车流与气象信息.基于监测结果归纳气态污染物特征,分析控制措施的影响,并计算高峰小时与日间小时平均污染物人体吸入剂量.结果表明,控制措施全面实施期间(Ⅲ阶段)北四环路日间平均车流量下降约22%,其中轻型车流量降低约43%.与之相对应,北四环CO、NOx、NO2的浓度水平范围分别是0.10～3.94,0.002～0.139,0.002～0.099mg.m-3,较奥运前(2008年5月)监测浓度显著下降.其中,奥运赛事期间(Ⅲ-2阶段)CO、NOx、NO2平均浓度降幅最大,分别达到63%,71%和70%.奥运期间(Ⅲ阶段)CO与NOx的单人与总人群的高峰小时和日间平均小时吸入剂量较奥运前(2008年5月)均有显著下降,其中CO单人高峰小时与日间小时平均吸入剂量降幅分别是63%和81%;NOx单人高峰小时与日间小时平均吸入剂量降幅分别是58%和55%.区域总人群的吸入量也同比例下降.奥运期间严格的交通控制措施大幅削减了机动车污染物排放量,从而降低了道路交通环境机动车尾气污染引起的人体吸入剂量.     

武汉军运会前后大气PM2.5化学组分和来源

基于第七届世界军人运动会前后武汉大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)及其化学组分的在线监测数据,分析了管控前、管控期和管控后PM_2.5的质量浓度和化学组分,并通过PMF结合后向轨迹的聚类分析和浓度权重轨迹开展来源解析.研究揭示了军运会前后武汉市PM_2.5对本地和周边区域管控措施的响应,可为PM_2.5的区域精准防控提供依据.在减排措施影响下,管控期间ρ(PM_2.5)为(31.3±12.0)μg·m^-3,比管控前降低14.7%;而二次组分有明显生成,其中硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐(SNA)质量浓度升高25.6%.管控后由于湿度降低和西北气团的影响,SNA的质量浓度降低36.9%,矿质元素的质量浓度升高4.7倍.源解析表明管控前后机动车尾气的整体贡献率变化不显著(P<0.05).管控期工业排放和燃煤贡献分别较非管控期降低68.1%和43.7%,二次源贡献上升89.5%.由于并未针对机动车尾气采取大规模控制,管控期NO^-₃和NO<...     

Impact of emission control on regional air quality: An observational study of air pollutants before, during and after the Beijing Olympic Games

An observational study on trace gases and PM2.5 was conducted at three sites in and around Beijing, during the Olympic season from 2007 to 2009. Air quality improved significantly during the Olympic Games due to the special emission control measures. However, concentrations of the primary pollutants and PM were found to have risen significantly after the Games. Although the major O3 precursors （NOx and VOCs） were well controlled during the Olympic season, O3 was still found to be the highest in 2008, based on the data of ground-based observation. All this information suggests that while control of regional emissions for the Beijing Olympic Games did improved the air quality in Beijing, more efforts will be needed for the continuous improvement of regional air quality, especially for significant reductions of O3 and fine particulate pollution, and not only in Beijing, but also in the B eijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.     

青奥会前后南京PM2.5重金属污染水平与健康风险评估

人类活动对大气环境的影响已成为人们关注的焦点.于青年奥林匹克运动会(青奥会,Youth Olympic Games)召开前后(2014年4~9月)动态监测南京大气中PM_(2.5)及其6种重金属质量浓度和污染特征,并分析其健康风险.结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化范围为26.39~80.31μg·m~(-3),青奥会前的4、5和7月大气中PM_(2.5)质量浓度均达到国家空气质量二级标准(24 h质量浓度限值75μg·m~(-3)),青奥会期间达到国家空气质量一级标准(24 h质量浓度限值35μg·m~(-3)).青奥会结束后,空气污染出现反弹,大气PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均值为76.14μg·m~(-3).观测期间大气PM_(2.5)中重金属离子质量浓度的变化特征并不一致,主成分分析表明,污染物源排放是影响PM_(2.5)重金属离子质量浓度变化最重要因素.青奥会期间PM_(2.5)及重金属离子质量浓度均降至观测期间最低值,这与召开青奥会所采取的一系列政策干预减排措施发挥作用有关.PM_(2.5)中Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb通过呼吸和皮肤暴露的健康风险值均在可接受水平范围内,而Cr存在较大的致癌风险;Mn通过呼吸暴露对成年男性造成较大的非致癌风险;同时PM_(2.5)中6种重金属通过皮肤暴露对儿童也造成较大非致癌风险.     

2008年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2008年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2008年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后对1990-2008年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据进行了简要的比较分析。     

南京及周边区域亚青期间大气监控预警走航观测研究

2013年8月,为了解亚青会期间南京及周边地区大气污染物的来源、时空分布和输送规律,江苏省环境监测中心联合中科院大气物理所等15家单位,开展了为期一个月的夏季联合观测,监测区域覆盖江苏沿江8市以及安徽部分地区。该次联合观测,江苏首次利用空气质量数值预报模式指导开展走航观测,实现了动静、水平与垂直相结合的立体式巡航观测,并初步揭示了现阶段江苏省大气污染主要特征,观测结果直接服务于亚青空气质量会商,为保障南京市空气质量提供技术支撑,同时为2014青奥会空气质量保障积累经验。