Environmental justice in Appalachia Ohio? An expanded consideration of privilege and the role it plays in defending the contaminated status quo in a white,working-class community

Environmental justice addresses inequitable distributions of health risks from exposure to pollution and other hazards. Appalachian residents of southeastern Ohio who live along the Ohio River are disproportionately subject to industrial pollution. Of particular concern is the DuPont Washington Works plant where perfluorooctanoic acid, or C8, was used to make consumer products. Although company officials became aware in 1984 that the water supply of Little Hocking, Ohio, was tainted with C8 coming from its plant, residents were not notified until 2002. Subsequent studies determined a number of health problems, including cancer, are linked to residents’ exposure. This qualitative study asked Little Hocking residents and environmental regulators if they consider C8 contamination in Little Hocking an injustice. Results indicate a lack of consensus – even among affected residents – concerning DuPont's^® actions as constituting an injustice. This finding, among others, is used to argue that many residents in Little Hocking, through their association with DuPont^®, benefit from class-based forms of privilege and seek to maintain them in the context of immobility and economic uncertainty. This explains why some communities may be considered an environmental justice community from an academic standpoint, but not self-identify as such. However, maintaining privilege at the local scale in the context of weak regulation enhances exploitation in Little Hocking while contributing to power at extra-local scales. Thus, environmental justice activists in white, working-class communities must overcome the challenge posed by privilege that defends the contaminated status quo.     

C_8-SBA-15新型介孔涂层SPME-HPLC联用测定水样中的芘

以辛基键合SBA-15为固相微萃取（SPME）的吸附涂层,考察了吸附和解吸时间、萃取温度、搅拌速率对SPME效率的影响。该方法的线性范围为3.0—320μg/L,检出限为0.5μg/L,依据此方法测定了环境水样中芘,具有灵敏度高和精密度好的特点。     

Prenatal diagnosis of jumping translocation involving chromosome 22 with ultrasonographic findings

We report on the prenatal diagnosis and ultrasonographic findings of a second-trimester fetus with jumping translocation involving chromosome 22. A 28-year-old gravida 2, partus 1, Turkish woman was referred for genetic counselling and ultrasonographic examination at 18 weeks' gestation because of a high risk of trisomy 21 in triple test. Prenatal ultrasonography showed tetralogy of Fallot with a diverticular dilatation of the pulmonary artery, flattened brow, complete absence of the right upper limb, hypospadias, oligodactyly (three digits) in left hand and in both feet, and hyperechogenic abdominal foci. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XY[4]/46,XY,−8,+ der(8),t(8;22)(q24.3;q11.21)[2]/45, XY,−22,−8,+ der(8)t(8;22)(q24.3;q11.21)[22]/45,XY,−22,−5,+ der(5)t(5;22)(q35.3;q11.21)[44]. A C-banding and FISH study with a specific centromeric probe (D14Z1/D22Z1) for chromosome 22 was made. In our case, partial monosomy for the regions 22q11.21→22pter, 8q24.3→8qter and 5q35.3→5qter may partially explain the fetal malformations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大连市区近地面臭氧污染规律研究及与PM2.5等污染物的相关性分析

2013年大连市区大气中臭氧日最大8小时平均值第90百分位为0.099毫克/立方米,符合二级标准（GB3095-2012）日最大8小时平均。点日最大8小时平均超标率为1.0%。春、秋两季的日最大8小时平均较大,但都符合二级标准,从月份变化看,5月的日最大8小时平均最高,12月最低,从24小时变化看,14时、15时和16时的臭氧均值最高,7时臭氧均值最低。从各点位变化看,傅家庄点位臭氧日最大8小时平均的第90百分位最高,双D港点位最低。大连市区臭氧与PM2.5和PM10的负相关性最好,相关系数均达到0.86以上,与二氧化氮、二氧化硫和一氧化碳也呈较好的负相关。     

XAD-8树脂分组的富里酸组分对菲光降解的影响机制初探

采用XAD-8树脂分组方法,将富里酸分为:pH4.8、pH7.0、pH11.0、水和乙醇组分,初步探讨富里酸不同组分对菲光降解的影响.结果表明:实验浓度范围内,浓度越高的富里酸组分对菲的光降解影响越大;不同组分也具有不同表现,表现在pH4.8、pH7.0组分中菲的光降解速率比水与乙醇组分中菲的光降解速率大;进一步采用分子探针手段分析显示,各组分诱导产生的单线态氧(~1O_2)和羟基自由基(·OH)对菲光降解均起到作用.从富里酸各组分的紫外吸收光谱、元素分析和傅里叶红外光谱表征可以看出,pH4.8、pH7.0组分相对于其他组分含有更多的羧基成分,含氧量更高,这两个组分在光解时能够产生更多的·OH与~1O_2,而这两种物质能促进菲的光降解.     

水生维管束植物处理污水及其综合利用

文章通过大量实验数据及国内外水生维管束植物处理污水的发展状况，深入探讨水生维管束植物处理污水的净化机理及其影响因素，并对水生维管束植物处理污水资源化的综合利用进行了论述，从目前的研究成果来看，该方法是一种经济、有效、适合我国国情的污水处理方法。     

Prenatal diagnosis of a mosaic supernumerary marker iso (8p) (tetrasomy 8p): discordance between chorionic villi culture and amniotic fluid karyotypes

We describe the first case of mosaic supernumerary marker iso (8p) displaying a karyotype discordance between chorionic villi (CV) and amniotic fluid (AF) cultures during prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis. In the first trimester, cytogenetic analysis after chorionic villi sampling (CVS) was normal in all metaphases in the short-term cytotrophoblast cell culture, but an undefined supernumerary marker was detected in 60% of mesenchymal cells in the long-term CV culture. Informed of the mosaicism, the couple selected amniotic fluid sampling as a second-trimester confirmatory diagnostic procedure. The supernumerary marker was absent in all of the 25 available AF cells metaphases. The prospective parents received genetic counselling and were informed that the discordance could be interpreted as a placental confined mosaicism or as a true foetal mosaicism with low percentage of affected cells. The couple opted to continue the pregnancy. In the second month of life, the child had abnormal development with severe psychomotor delay and frequent episodes of epilepsy. Postnatal cytogenetic extensive re-evaluation discovered that the previously detected supernumerary marker was indeed an isochromosome (8p) rearrangement present at low frequency in 5% of the blood lymphocytes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wetlands and forest with a flora and fauna of international importance in Northeastern Greece

Due to Mediterranean, continental and oceanic influences we find in Northeastern Greece an exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Distributed over a distance of only 60–70 km from sea level northward to the Rhodopi mountains (with very cold and snowy winters at a height of 1000 m to 1600 m near the Bulgarian border) emerges a complex sequence of biozones unparalleled in a comparably small area in Europe. The low population density and the poor development of industry has allowed some natural landscapes to remain relatively undisturbed. The wetlands, including lake Kerkini and lake Vistonis as well as the deltas of the rivers Nestos and Evros, are a home or hibernating place for a large avifauna that includes vanishing bird species. In the oak‐ and beech‐forests of Rhodopi mountains, unusually rich in flowers, e.g. orchids, most of the large European mammals, including bear, wolf and wild boar, as well as birds of prey still find a basis for living. Pollution and damming of waters, erosion, cutting of riparian forests and overgrazing by domesticated animals are among other serious threats to the whole area. Problems, tasks and possibilities for protecting these zones of extraordinary quality are to be discussed along with an ecodevelopment concept for the whole region.     

Genotoxic fungicide methyl thiophanate as an oxidative stressor inducing 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′ -deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA and mutagenesis

Dimethyl 4,4′ -(O-phenylene)bis(3-thioallophanate), commonly known as methyl thiophanate (MT), is a systemic fungicide and suspected carcinogen to humans. In this study, the oxidative potential of this category-III acute toxicant has been ascertained based on its capacity of inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promutagenic 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′ -deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) adducts in DNA. The discernible MT dose-dependent reduction in fluorescence intensity of a cationic dye rhodamine (Rh-123) in human lymphocytes and increased fluorescence intensity of 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) treated cells signifies decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψ m) due to intracellular ROS generation. The ³²P-post-labeling assay demonstrated the MT-induced 8-oxodG adduct formation in calf thymus DNA. Thus, it is concluded that MT, as a potent oxidative stressor, produces ROS leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative DNA damage and mutagenesis.     

基于DEM的地形指数提取方法及应用

在水文模拟中,地形指数ln(α/tan β) 作为反映地形信息的物理指标具有很高的应用价值。应用基于DEM的River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序,对红壤丘陵区地形起伏平缓的小流域进行地形指数的提取。 River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序分别使用目前常用的D8方法（单流向法）和多流向法。结果表明：与多流向法相比,D8方法的计算值较为离散,分布曲线较粗糙,平均值略高,方差和偏态系数也较大;但是,两种方法计算的ln(α/tan β) 的分布曲线大致相似。对于仅需要ln(α/tan β) 频率分布的水文模型（如TOPMODEL）来说,可以用单流向法取代多流向法来计算ln(α/tan β) 的频率分布。